Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 60 4 2022 04 24 235 242 Hai Tang Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Nghe An Obstetrics and Pediatrics Hospital, Nghe An, Vietnam Loi Cao Department of Scientific and Training Management, National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology, and Entomology, Ha Noi, Vietnam Hoan Dau Department of Nghe An Health, Vinh, Nghe An, Vietnam. Tran Anh Le Department of Parasitology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam. 2020 10 29 2021 12 11 To explore the presence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fungi in traditional drugs collected in Vietnam. Materials and Methods: 505 samples of 88 different traditional drugs were obtained from 10 hospitals in Nghe An, a central province of Vietnam. AFB1 contamination was determined by a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay. Fungal contaminants were determined according to WHO regulations and the obtained Aspergillus strains were characterized via morphological and molecular identification. Results: 24 samples (4.75% of the total samples) were contaminated with AFB1 and the average concentration was 0.062± 0.030 µg/kg (ranging from 0.009 to 0.097 µg/kg). Fungal isolates were detected from 174 samples (34.45%). The genus Aspergillus was predominant (82.76% of the isolates) but Rhizopus, Alternaria, Corynespora and yeast were also found in a few samples. Among 144 strains of Aspergillus recovered, A. niger (105 strains) was most frequently found, followed by A. tubingensis (31 strains), A. oryzae (4 strains) and A. flavus (4 strains). Conclusion: This study suggests a low risk of aflatoxin B1 exposure to consumers of traditional drugs in Vietnam.   https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/8906