Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 43 5 2005 10 15 313 322 S. Arbabi Bidgoli B. Minaee M. H. Ghahremani S. N. Ostad M. Djamali-Zavarei E. Azizi 2015 09 28 The current challenges in the management of esophageal cancer are to obtain a better understanding of underlying molecular alterations to provide new treatment options. We studied the p53 and Bcl-2 protein expression in esophageal carcinomas to correlate molecular alterations with clinicopathological findings. Tissue samples of 37 patients with advanced esophageal carcinoma were analyzed by immunohistochemical techniques. Positive immunostaining for p53 and Bcl-2 were observed in 67.6% and 43.6% of tumor samples, respectively. The prevalence of Bcl-2 overexpression was significantly greater in p53+ tumors ‎as compared with p53- tumors (P = 0.003). Unlike p53, positive Bcl-2 immunostaining correlated significantly with tumor type (P = 0.001) and histological differentiation (P = 0.007). Our data also showed that 35% of patients were positive for both proteins and 32.4% of patients were positive for p53 but negative for Bcl-2 expression. These results indicate two types of double gene alterations that obviously would affect tumor biology and response to chemotherapy. Therefore, it is advisable to determine expression profile of certain genes including p53 and Bcl-2 in tumor samples before selecting chemotherapy regimen. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/3016 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/3016/2997

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 43 5 2005 10 15 323 330 S. Talebian R. Abolfazli G. R. Olyaei S. Hajizadeh 2015 09 28 Iontophoresis of epinephrine for assessment of neuromuscular junction response is a new technique that can improve diagnose of neuromuscular dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of iontophoresis of epinephrine on neuromuscular junction response. Iontophoresis of epinephrine solution (1mg/ml), sodium chloride, calcium gluconate, epinephrine with sodium chloride and distilled water was applied in five groups of healthy men and 7 patients with myasthenia gravis (MG). Amplitude, depolarization, repolarization and recovery times and slops of compound muscle action potential (CMAP) were measured. Also low repetition stimulus tests were applied before and after iontophoresis of epinephrine. Following results were obtained: 1) iontophoresis of sodium ion increased depolarization time, and iontophoresis of sodium and calcium ions increased recovery and duration times of CMAP, 2) slope of depolarization and recovery were reduced by iontophoresis of active ions, 3) iontophoresis of epinephrine increased slope of recovery or Na-K transport at 10 and 15 minutes after iontophoresis, 4) iontophoresis of epinephrine in patients with MG reduced amplitudes of all CMAPs and percentage of decrement between first and fifth signal increased at low frequency stimulus test, and 5) iontophoresis of epinephrine in normal group increased percentage of amplitude increment between first and fifth signal in low frequency stimulation test. Neuromuscular responses in patients with MG in comparison to normal men are sensitive to iontophoresis of epinephrine and demonstrate significant decrement findings to low repetition stimulus tests. Iontophoresis of epinephrine with RNS tests can be useful in assessments of these patients. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/3017 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/3017/2998

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 43 5 2005 10 15 331 335 M. Khajavi A. A. Peyvi M. E. Mahdavi 2015 09 28 At the highest signal levels, the masking function for the off-frequency condition seems to become more linear. While some basilar membrane data show more linear growth at high levels, others do not. Aim of the present study is to assess function of masking at high levels regarding its clinical appearance. In this experiment we evaluated the hearing thresholds of three different signals (wide-band, low pass filtered, and high pass filtered noises) in presence of a high level low frequency masker (90 dB SPL, 220 Hz), and we decreased the transmission of both masker and signal by changing the middle ear stiffness in 42 normal subjects to determine whether or not their thresholds will change by the same amounts which leads to linear function or their thresholds will change by different amounts which will be related to nonlinear function of masking at high levels. Mean wide-band, low pass filtered, and high pass filtered noises hearing thresholds were better (lower) in +/- 300 daPa air pressure conditions than 0 daPa pressure, and these differences were statistically significant. In conclusion, as the level of the tone was effectively decreased by changing the impedance, frequency tuning improves and the noise was less suppressed by the tone, making it easier to detect. Therefore, at the highest signal levels, the masking function for the off-frequency condition seems to remain nonlinear. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/3018 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/3018/2999

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 43 5 2005 10 15 336 338 M. Pourissa S. Refahi H. Nazari 2015 09 28 The outcome and proper management of fetal hydronephrosis have not been completely defined. The purpose of this study was to determine incidence and outcome of infants with a history of prenatal hydronephrosis diagnosed by ultrasound. In a three-year period from 2000 to 2003 we identified 211 cases (271 renal units) of fetal hydronephrosis in which renal pelvic anteroposterior diameter was more than normal diameter at various stages of pregnancy. Incidence of fetal hydronephrosis was 3.8 percent in the 55500 fetuses screened by ultrasound. A total of 187 fetuses (240 renal units) followed up underwent postnatal sonography and only in ten cases renal pelvic anteroposterior diameter was greater than 15 mm that required surgical correction . The most important advantage of knowing that a fetus has ultrasound findings of persistent hydronephrosis is ability to begin timely evaluation of the newborn to identify severity of hydronephrosis and prevent progressive deterioration of renal function. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/3019 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/3019/3000

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 43 5 2005 10 15 339 341 A. Madani S. J. Janatiy S. T. Esfahani N. Hajizadeh 2015 09 28 Hematuria is one of the most common genitourinary findings in children and extensive evaluation frequently fails to establish its etiology. ‎A known cause of hematuria in children is nephrolithiasis. Ultrasound is a good method for diagnosis, but calculi less than 5 mm in diameter may not have a posterior shadow. Calyceal microlithiasis (CM) is characterized by presence of hyperechogenic spots less than 3 mm in diameter in renal calyces that are recognized by high resolution ultrasound. In this report, 200 children presenting with microscopic or macroscopic hematuria, dysuria, pyuria and recurrent urinary tract infection, occurring alone or in combination, underwent renal ultrasound at 3.5 MHZ and 7.5 MHZ. Although in 117 cases renal ultrasound at 3.5 MHZ reported normal findings, renal ultrasound at 7.5 MHZ revealed CM in 63.6% of patients presenting with hematuria. ‎There was a history of urolithiasis in one first or second degree relative of 72.4% of the patients. ‎Hypercalciuria was presented in 9.6% and hyperuricuria in 32% of the patients. We recommend that children who are either at greater risk of renal stones, or are highly suspected to be so, be referred for renal ultrasound screening at 3.5 and 7.5 MHZ concurrently. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/3020 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/3020/3001

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 43 5 2005 10 15 342 346 M. H. Baghiani Moghadam S. S. Mazloomy M. H. Ehrampoush 2015 09 28 Hepatitis B (HB) is an infectious disease occurring worldwide which can be transferred by some professions, including hairdressers. Health education is an essential component of public health campaign about this disease. The purpose of this study was to test the utility of the health belief model (HBM) in understanding and predicating the intention of hairdressers in prevention of HB in their clients. A quasi-experimental study was conducted to 140 hairdressers (70 men and 70 women) in Yazd, Iran. All subjects were divided into two groups: case group (35 men and 35 women) and control group (35 men and 35 women). A researcher designed questionnaire according to the framework of HBM was developed, pilot-tested and then completed before and after intervention. There was significant difference between the mean grade scores of knowledge of case group before and after intervention (P < 0.0001). The perceived threat of case group were also increased from 9.8 to 10.61 after intervention, but the perceived threat of control group were decreased from 9.97 to 9. The HBM may offer an effective foundation for development of an educational intervention program in hairdressers for prevention of HB in their clients. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/3021 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/3021/3002

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 43 5 2005 10 15 347 354 M. Pourmahabadian J.N. Saraji M. Aghabeighi H. Saddeghi-Naeeni 2015 09 28 The strain index (SI) is a substantial advancement and has been devised to analyze ergonomic risks for distal upper extremity (DUE) disorders. This semi-quantitative tool allows for the measurement of hazards and does not require unduly lengthy training to begin to use it accurately. Uses of the strain index include analysis of a current job to assess whether it is safe or hazardous, quantification of the risks, and assistance in the initial design of a job or in the redesign of a job. The aim of this study was to assess and analyze risk of developing DUE disorders in different jobs as well as hazard classification in an assembling electronic industry through SI method. Also, DUE disorders prevalence, work-related absenteeism and turnover extracted from SI results were compared and assessed by those obtained by Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire (NMQ). The findings of this study showed that more than 50% of investigated jobs are categorized as "hazardous" and there is a significant difference between SI mean in hazardous and safe jobs (P < 0.0001). In addition, significant difference was found between prevalence of DUE disorders in "safe" and "hazardous" jobs (P < 0.049). But, no significant difference (P = 0.3) was obtained between mean absenteeism in "safe" and hazardous jobs. Also, no significant difference statistically was found between turnover in "safe" and hazardous jobs (X2 = 0.133, P = 1) and high prevalence of DUE disorders is due to low turnover rate of workers. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/3022 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/3022/3003

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 43 5 2005 10 15 355 358 Z. S. Meshkani B. Bavarian 2015 09 28 Hospitalization of child is one of the most stressful events of life for parents and children. This fear and stress may affect the process of treatment. Since there is no information available about the source of distress and needs of Iranian parents during the inpatient care of their children, we designed a research in order to discover the main source of worries and fears among parents. In this cross-sectional study 120 parents of 88 children were interviewed by structured questionnaire during the course of events when their child needed inpatient care. Twenty close ended questions were asked in order to assess the major source of worries and distress. Factor analyses were used as a statistical test for data analysis. The rotated factors pattern isolated 7 factors that accounted for 61.60% of variances and their factor loading was above 0.5: 1) environment adjustment, 2) lack of prehospitalization program, 3) lack of communication skills of caregiver, 4) parental skills, 5) hospitalization expenses, 6) lose of independence and 7) lack of information. Other items of questionnaire were eliminated because their loading factors were less than 0.5. This finding suggests parents’ education before and during the child inpatient care as a major need of parents. By parents education there is a chance of reducing their worries and fear and improve their parental skills. Offering prehospitalization programs also provide a good opportunity for parents to ask questions from staff members and may help them to adjust themselves with new environment. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/3023 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/3023/3004

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 43 5 2005 10 15 359 364 Z. Miabi H. Hashemi M. Ghaffarpour H. Ghelichnia R. Media 2015 09 28 Human infection with echinococcus granulosis is a common disease throughout south America, The Mediterranean littoral, The Middle East, Central Asia and East Africa, which usually occur in children and young adults. Formation of avascular cystic lesions in the liver, kidney, pancreas, bones, vitreus and brain can cause protean of signs and symptoms. Intracranial cysts usually present with focal neurological deficit and features of raised intracranial pressure. ‎Primary hydatid disease of the brain is a rare entity but may pose various diagnostic problems. In this study we report the clinicoradiological findings, treatment outcome and some other properties of intracranial hydatid cysts in 24 cases, emphasizing the fact that hydatid cyst should always be suspected in cystic lesions aff 15 46 48 M. Shayani-Nasab S. A. Safavi Naiianni M. R. Fathol Alolomi A. Makaremi 2015 09 28 The exposure to electromagnetic field emitted by mobile telephones is increasing rapidly worldwide that causes side effects, including thermal and non thermal side effects. Ear proximity to electromagnetic source may lead to greater damage and side effects, including hearing loss. This study was performed to assess the chronic effect of exposure to electromagnetic field of mobile telephones on hearing by audiometric measurements. A total of 200 subjects (100 users and 100 non-users) were studied, using historic cohort method. The subjects did not have history of any clinical condition possibly implicated in hearing loss, history of ear disease or pathology in otoscopic examination. Only the users dominant ears were studied (right side 75% and left side 25%). Pure tone threshold of all subjects were in the normal range but there was a significant difference between mean pure tone threshold of user and non-users, +0.12 ± 5.93dB and -3 ± 4.73dB, respectively. Duration of use was also related to threshold changes. This investigation showed that mobile sets may cause increase of the pure ton threshold. We suggest further studies to find out potential hazards of using mobile telephones and to develop guidelines for the mobile telephone users. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/3137 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/3137/3117

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 44 1 2006 02 15 49 52 "A. Delrobaee M. H. Mirdamadi M. T. Yasamy Y. Kheirish B. Mohabbati H. Delrobaie H. R. Jamaati" 2015 09 28 Telemedicine is an indispensable tool in the hands of doctors to accelerate and facilitate the process of data interchange. To publicize and distribute the culture of utilizing this technology and providing the necessary equipment for this purpose and also to commence some useful activities in this field of science in Iran, the researchers group have designed and performed a telemedicine internet site with the goal of medical consultation. Software was designed and prepared, which is accessible to three groups of users with definite level of access for each one: normal users, doctors and site administrators. There are four main forums on this website with the following titles: medical consultation (Q&A), doctors’ special forum, scientific and research centers and also special disease groups, and the forum of graduates and medical students. Ultimately, we could achieve a new horizon to expand telemedicine activities in the field of medical consultation. A free web-based system was developed through the address of www.teleteb.com with the aim of remote medical consultation, developing the public health services and creating a powerful scientific and research link in the society of medicine. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/3138 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/3138/3118

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 44 1 2006 02 15 53 58 M. Razzaghy-Azar M. Nourbakhsh F. Hajighasemi 2015 09 28 Primary growth hormone insensitivity syndrome (GHIS) is a rare entity which can be due to defects in growth hormone (GH) receptor that is called type 1 Laron syndrome (T1LS) or post receptor defects (type 2 Laron syndrome ). The aim of study was determining the clinical and hormonal milieu of the patients with primary GHIS and their response to IGF-I (insulin like growth factor-I) generation test (IGT). GH, IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF binding protein 1 and 3 (BP-1 and BP-3), GH binding protein (GHBP) and anti-GH antibody were detected by ELISA and RIA methods. IGF-I and BP-3 were measured before and after IGT. Nine patients (8 males, 1 female) (mean age ± SD, 6.4 ± 5 years) with severe short stature and high GH level were studied. Height SDS was - 8.5 ± 2.6. In 7 patients GHBP was zero, IGF-I and BP-3 were low and did not increase after IGT, so they had T1LS. Two brothers did not show the hormonal milieu of GH receptor defect, and were called non Laron syndrome (NLS). Birth weight in patients with T1LS and NLS was 3.65 ± 0.2 Kg and 1.65 ± 0.2 Kg, respectively (P = 0.001). All of the patients had typical clinical feature of GH-deficiency, but nasal bridge depression and microphallus were not seen in NLS. GH treatment of NLS, normalized their growth velocity, but without catch up growth. In conclusion IGT can differentiate Laron syndrome from other types of short stature. GH and IGF-I of fetus have no role in intrauterine growth. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/3139 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/3139/3119

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 44 1 2006 02 15 59 62 N. Eshghyar N. Jalayer-Nadery R. Ashery 2015 09 28 The term calcifying odontogenic cyst (COC) was first introduced by Gorlin in 1962. COC occurs mainly as an intra-osseous lesion in mandible or maxilla but the peripheral variation of COC has also been reported. The confusion about COC nature as cyst or tumor has not been resolved and a vast diversity has been shown in clinicopatholo