Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 50 12 2012 12 15 789 797 EN Iraj Ragerdi Kashani Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Azim Hedayatpour Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Parichehr Pasbakhsh Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Leya Kafami Department of Pathobiology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran. Nader Atlasi Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Vahid Pirhajati Mahabadi Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Reza Mamoudi Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran. Maryam Baazm Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 09 28 Previous studies have demonstrated the potential of monotherapy with either mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or estrogen in autoimmune and cuprizone models of multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of this study was to examine the effects of co-administration of 17β-estradiol (E2) and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) on remyelination of corpus callosum axons in a cuprizone model of MS. Forty eight male C57BL/6 mice were fed cuprizone (0.2%) for 6 weeks. At day 0 after cuprizone removal, animals were randomly divided into four groups. The E2 monotherapy, ADSCs monotherapy, E2/ADSCs combined therapy and vehicle control. Some mice of the same age were fed with their normal diet to serve as healthy control group. E2 pellets, designed to release 5.0 mg E2 over 10 days, were implanted subcutaneously. 106 PKH26 labeled ADSCs were transplanted into lateral tail. The extent of demyelination, remyelination, and cell type's composition of host brain were examined at 10 days post-transplantation in the body of the corpus callosum. Transplanted cells migrated to the corpus callosum injury. Histological examination revealed efficacy of intravenous ADSCs transplantation in remyelination of mouse cuprizone model of MS can be significantly enhanced by E2 administration. Flow cytometry showed that the mean percentages of expression of Iba-1, Olig2 and O4 were significantly increased in E2/ADSCs combined therapy in comparison with ADSCs monotherapy. In conclusion, the findings of this study revealed that E2 administration enhanced efficacy of intravenous ADSCs transplantation in remyelination of corpus callosum axons in mouse cuprizone model of MS. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/3995 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/3995/3970

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 50 12 2012 12 15 798 804 EN Azam Fattahi Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Farideh Zaini Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Parivash Kordbacheh Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Seyed Jamal Hashemi Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Mahmoud Mahmoudi Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Mahin Safara Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. 2015 09 28 Presently appearance of resistance to antifungal agents among Aspergillus species is dramatically increasing. The objective of this study was to look at the in vitro activities of antifungal drugs against Iranian clinical (from nail, bronchoalveolar lavage, paranasal sinus) isolated A. flavus strains. The susceptibility of 45 aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus strains were evaluated to six antifungal agents (caspofungin, itraconazole, amphotericin B, ketoconazole, fluconazole, nystatin) using CLSI M38-A2 broth microdilution method. The results indicated that 57.1%, 28.6% of aflatoxigenic and 25.8%, 6.5% of non-aflatoxigenic isolates were susceptible to caspofungin, amphotericin B respectively. All isolates but one aflatoxigenic strain were sensitive to ketoconazole. All 45 strains showed to be resistant to nystatin. Also 64.28%, 92.9% of aflatoxigenic and 64.51%, 100% of non-aflatoxigenic isolates were resistant to fluconazole and itraconazole in ranking order. There was no statistically significant difference between the susceptibilities of aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic strains of A. flavus to tested antifungal agents. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/3996 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/3996/3971

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 50 12 2012 12 15 805 808 EN Abdolkarim Hamedi Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine , Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran. Farideh Akhlaghi Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran. Seyed Javad Seyedi Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine , Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran. Abdolali Kharazmi Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran. 2015 09 28 Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is one of the most important bacteria in the majority of maternal and neonatal infections, such as chorioamnionitis, endometritis, bacteremia, sepsis and meningitis. During pregnancy, GBS screening is one of the recommended strategies that are recommended by center of disease control (CDC). This study was aimed to determine the rectovaginal colonization prevalence among pregnant women, and also the rate of transmission to their offspring. Between June 2008 and April 2009, two hundred pregnant women admitted in department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad, Iran) were enrolled in present study. Samples from maternal rectum and vagina as well as neonate ear and umbilical cord were taken for culture. The colonization rate for GBS in pregnant women and their neonates was around 6% and 5% respectively. All the carrier mothers were cases with premature rupture of membranes (at least 18 hours before delivery). In terms of colonization, there was a significant correlation between mothers and newborns, and more than 80% of neonates from GBS carrier mothers were colonized by GBS. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/3997 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/3997/3972

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 50 12 2012 12 15 809 813 EN Mohammad Taghi Bahreyni Toossi Medical Physics Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Fateme Akbari Medical Physics Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Shahram Bayani Roodi Medical Physics Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. 2015 09 28 Nowadays, radiography is a necessary procedure in diagnosis and treatment of patients with dental problems. According to the ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) principle, dentists must take radiographs of sufficient quality at the lowest possible radiation dose to the patients. The assessment of patient dose on panoramic radiography is difficult because of dynamic nature of the imaging process and the narrow width of the x-ray beam. The present work describes an experiment undertaken using thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLD-100) to obtain the absorbed dose in organs and sensitive tissues in head and neck region during panoramic radiography, based on patient measurement. The overall mean entrance surface dose on thyroid, right and left lens of eyes, parotid glands (right and left) and occipital region in panoramic were 38, negligible, negligible, 367, 319 and 262 μGy, respectively. The results show that there are differences between patient doses examined by different panoramic systems. There is a tendency for lower organ doses for digital compared with analogue panoramic units. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/3998 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/3998/3973

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 50 12 2012 12 15 814 818 EN Mohsen Akhavan-Sepahi Department of Pediatrics, Nephrology Ward, Hazrat Maasomeh Hospital, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran. Mostafa Sharifian Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Pediatric Infectious Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Maasumeh Mohkam Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Pediatric Infectious Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mahdi Vafadar Department of Pediatric, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshty University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Shamsaddin Hejazi Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran. 2015 09 28 Prevalence of urolithiasis in childhood is increasing. The wide geographic variation in the incidence of lithiasis in childhood is related to climatic, dietary, and socioeconomic factors. Many children with stone disease have a metabolic abnormality. In Southeast Asia, urinary calculi are endemic and are related to dietary factors. The main aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of renal stone, urine metabolic abnormality, control of blood pressure and demographic character in elementary school children of Qom. A cross sectional study was performed on 110 primary school children (56 girls and 54 boys) aged 7 to 11 years old. Demographic data such as age, height, weight were gathered, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, Urine analysis and culture, urinary levels of calcium, creatinine, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, uric acid, cystine, citrate, oxalate, protein and sonographic findings were evaluated. The mean (±SD) of age was 8.85±1.51 years. Only one child had renal stone (1%), but the prevalence of abnormal renal sonography was 7%. The most prevalent urine metabolic abnormalities were hypercalciuria (23%) and hypocitraturia (100%). 11.2% of children had positive urine culture that all were female. The prevalence of high blood pressure was 7.1% for girls and 11.1% for boys. The prevalence of renal stone in children in this study was 1%, which means the accurate judgment about the prevalence of renal stone in Qom city needs more comprehensive studies. Similar to other studies in Iran this study shows that the prevalence of hypercalciuria is significantly higher comparing to other countries, it may be associated with excessive intake of sodium. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/3999 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/3999/3974

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 50 12 2012 12 15 819 821 EN Senad Mehmedinović Department of Rehabilitation, Center for Education, Amalije Lebeničnika 2A, 75 000, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Osman Sinanović Faculty of Medicine, University of Tuzla, Univerzitetska 1, 75 000 Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sadik Ahmetović Ministry of Security of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Trg BiH 1, 71 000 Sarajevo. 2015 09 28 The aim of the research is to examine depression in parents of children with cerebral palsy, with hypothesis to have more depressive symptom among mothers of children with cerebral palsy. The sample of examinees (between 23 and 62 age) was used in this research. The first subsample of examinees (N=23) was made of mothers (average 33±5.83) of children with cerebral palsy. The second subsample of examinees (N=12) was made of fathers of children with cerebral palsy (average 38±9.8). The third subsample of examinees (N=16) represented the control group, and it was made of mothers of children without disorders (average 38±6.57). For the purpose of quantitative measurement of depression, the Zung self-evaluated method for depression was applied. All data research were processed by parametric and nonparametric statistics. The frequencies and percents were also calculated, and Kruskal-Valis single-factor analysis of variants was applied for checking the hypothesis. According to the results of this research, it was concluded that there was no statistically significant difference in the evaluation of depression between mothers and fathers of children with cerebral palsy, as well as there is no statistically significant difference in relation to mothers of children without disorders. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4000 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4000/3975

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 50 12 2012 12 15 822 826 EN Setilla Dalili Vice- Chancellor of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. Zahra Mohtasham-Amiri Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. Seyed Mahmood Rezvani Vice- Chancellor of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. Arsalan Dadashi Vice- Chancellor of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. Abdolreza Medghalchi Vice- Chancellor of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. Simin Hoseini Vice- Chancellor of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. Hajar Gholami-Nezhad Vice- Chancellor of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. Anis Amirhaki Department of Pediatric, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.lisherName>Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 51 12 2013 12 15 864 870 EN Morteza Izadi Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mozhgan Fazel International Travel Medicine Center of Iran, Tehran, Iran Mohsen Akrami International Travel Medicine Center of Iran, Tehran, Iran. Seyed Hassan Saadat International Travel Medicine Center of Iran, Tehran, Iran. Bahram Pishgoo International Travel Medicine Center of Iran, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Hassan Nasseri International Travel Medicine Center of Iran, Tehran, Iran. Hossein Dabiri Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Reza SafiAryan Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ali Akbar Esfahani Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ali Ahmadi Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Davood Kazemi-Saleh Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Hassan Kalantar-Motamed Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Saeed Taheri Dr Taheri Medical Research Group, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 An association between Chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae) and cardiovascular disease has been demonstrated. In this study, we aimed to study this potential relationship in 105 Iranian patients. Coronary artery specimens from 105 Iranian patients undergoing CABG were analyzed by PCR method for C. pneumoniae. Serological evaluation for C. pneumoniae IgG and IgM was performed using ELISA. 53 specimens from mamillary artery were also investigated. C. pneumoniae PCR test result was positive for 23 (21.9%) of patients with coronary artery atherosclerosis, but none of the specimens from the mamillary artery was positive for C. pneumoniae when it was evaluated by the PCR (P<0.001). Coronary artery disease patients with and without a history of unstable angina or myocardial infarction were comparable in C. pneumoniae PCR test positive rates (P=0.618). Relevance of IgG and IgM positivity were also studied by correlating it to the study parameters, but no difference was found. CRP was significantly higher in the IgM positive group (P<0.001). A significant proportion of coronary atherosclerotic plaques are infected with C. pneumoniae while no infection was found in the normal mamillary artery specimens. No association was found between acute coronary syndromes and serological and PCR positivity. Further prospective randomized controlled studies with large patient population are needed to confirm our findings. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4332 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4332/4541

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 51 12 2013 12 15 871 878 EN Hossein Khalili Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Samaneh Bairami Research Center for Rational Use of Drugs, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mona Kargar Research Center for Rational Use of Drugs, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 Drug induced acute kidney injury (AKI) has been implicated in 8% to 60% of all cases of in-hospital AKI and as such is a recognized source of significant morbidity and mortality. Evaluation of incidence, risk factors, onset time, and outcome of  antibiotics' associated acute kidney injury. During one-year period, all patients who developed acute kidney injury during their hospital stay in the infectious diseases ward of Imam Khomeini hospital were included in the study prospectively. Patients' demographic data, baseline diseases, cause of current hospital admission, history of past and current medications and hemodynamic parameters were collected and monitored closely. Drug induced acute kidney injury was defined based on acute kidney injury network criteria. From 424 admitted patients, 76 (17.9%) developed acute kidney injury. Aminoglycosides (gentamicin and amikacin), amphotericin B, vancomycin, beta-lactam antibiotics (cefazolin and ceftriaxone) in monotherapy and combination therapy were the causes of acute kidney injury in most of the patients. From the co-morbid diseases in patients with acute kidney injury, diabetes mellitus (26.3%) and hypertension (5.5%), were the most frequent ones. Presence of diabetes mellitus as comorbidity (OR=2.6; CI=1.3-5.7, P=0.01), dehydration of patients upon admission (OR=3.4; CI=1.9-6.4, P<0.001), and administration of nephrotoxic combinations (OR=2.1; CI=1.2-4.1, P=0.04) were independent risk factors for antibiotic induced nephrotoxicity in our study. About 18% of the patients developed acute kidney injury during their hospitalization period in the infectious diseases ward. Aminoglycosides, amphotericin B, vancomycin and beta-lactam antibiotics were responsible agents for acute kidney injury in this study. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4331 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4331/4544

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 51 12 2013 12 15 879 885 EN Kambiz Kamyab-Hesari Department of Dermatopathology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran. Kamran Balighi Department of dermatology, Razi Hospital , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Nasim Afshar Department of dermatology, Razi Hospital , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Nessa Aghazadeh Department of dermatology, Razi Hospital , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ziba Rahbar Department of dermatology, Razi Hospital , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Maryam Seraj Department of dermatology, Razi Hospital , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Maede Rayati Department of dermatology, Razi Hospital , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 Adnexal tumors (ATs) are primary skin tumors with benign or rarely, malignant behavior. They have been classified based on differentiation towards hair follicle, sebaceous, apocrine or eccrine gland. Few large-scale studies have focused on ATs. To determine the prevalence of ATs and to assess clinical and histopathological trend of ATs. A retrospective descriptive study of all ATs diagnosed in Razi hospital between 2006 and 2010 was performed. A total of 30,000 pathology records were reviewed, and 1016 ATs were included. The prevalence of ATs was 3.3%. 518 patients (51%) were female, with a mean age of 34.5 years. 953 tumors (93.8%) were benign. ATs were most commonly located in the head and neck area (822, 83.5%). The most common histopathological origin of ATs was sebaceous gland (536, 52.7%). Sebaceous nevus of Jadassohn was the most prevalent single tumor type (40.6% of all ATs). In 63.6% (646) of tumors, ATs were clinically suspected by the clinician prior to biopsy. The most common malignant AT was sebaceous carcinoma (23, 36.5% of all malignant ATs). ATs are infrequent lesions, most commonly occurring in 3rd and 4th decade of life. Diagnosis of ATs is made by histopathological studies as they often express indistinctive clinical features. Malignant ATs are rare, occur at an older age, and are often hard to recognize clinically. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4330 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4330/4546

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 51 12 2013 12 15 886 891 EN Maryam Jalessi Department of ENT-Head and Neck Surgery, ENT-Head and Neck Surgery Research Center, Rasool Akram Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Farhadi Department of ENT-Head and Neck Surgery, ENT-Head and Neck Surgery Research Center, Rasool Akram Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Alimohamad Asghari Department of ENT-Head and Neck Surgery, ENT-Head and Neck Surgery Research Center, Rasool Akram Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Seyed Kamran Kamrava Department of ENT-Head and Neck Surgery, ENT-Head and Neck Surgery Research Center, Rasool Akram Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ebrahim Amintehran Department of ENT-Head and Neck Surgery, ENT-Head and Neck Surgery Research Center, Rasool Akram Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Suzan Ghalehbaghi Department of Family Planning and Population Control, Islamic Azad University South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran. Ashkan Heshmatzadeh Behzadi Department of ENT-Head and Neck Surgery, ENT-Head and Neck Surgery Research Center, Rasool Akram Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Seyed Behzad Pousti Department of ENT-Head and Neck Surgery, ENT-Head and Neck Surgery Research Center, Rasool Akram Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 A wide range of population, 4% to 30%, suffers from tinnitus that is defined as perception of sound without apparent acoustic stimulus. We conducted the present study to determine the prevalence of tinnitus in Iranian population; Tehran province. This cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2009 to December 2009, recruiting 3207 individuals (age range, 7-98) who were residing in Tehran province, Iran. Participants were asked to fill two questionnaires; the validated Persian version of Tinnitus Questionnaire (TQ) and another one that was specifically designed for this study. Prevalence of tinnitus and its association factors were evaluated. 3207 participants enrolled into our study comprising 1429 (44.7%) male and 1765 (55.3%) female with mean age of 55.01±17.85. Of total of 3207 participants, 146 (4.6%) had tinnitus consisting of 80 male (54.8%) and 66 (45.2%) female participants. It showed a rising trend with increasing age that was especially significant after the sixth decade of life (P=0.001). The analysis showed mean TQ global score of 35.96±25.52 that was significantly different between male and female participants (P=0.051) and had no significant correlation with increasing age (Spearman's r=0.1, P=0.10). The tinnitus intensity was moderate to very severe in 95 (56.1%) of the participants. Its severity level was not significantly different between men and women (P=0.09). Tinnitus intensity had no significant association with increasing age (Spearman's r=0.1, P=0.31). Patients with higher TQ global score had higher tinnitus intensities (P=0.001). The annoyance level was significantly different between men and women (P=0.04) and its impact on the participants daily routine functions were significantly higher in men (P=0.003). Given the results of the study, demonstrating that prevalence of tinnitus in Iranian population (Tehran province) was lower than the other countries and had a direct correlation with increasing age only after the sixth decade. TQ global score had significant correlation with tinnitus intensity, annoyance and impact on the participants' daily routine functions. However, none of the above had correlation with increasing age. Tinnitus TQ global score and intensity were not different between men and women; however annoyance of tinnitus and its impact on participants' daily routine functions were significantly higher in men. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4329 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4329/4552

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 51 12 2013 12 15 892 896 EN Abdollah Jafarzadeh Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, and Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran. Mohammad Taghi Rezayati Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, and Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran. Maryam Nemati Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. 2015 10 11 It has been also reported that that H. pylori infection may be responsible for some endocrine disorders, such as autoimmune thyroid diseases, diabetes mellitus and primary hyperparathyroidism. H. pylori which express cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) may be more virulent than those that do not. The aim was to evaluate the seroprevalence of anti-H. pylori IgG and anti-CagA  antibodies in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM) and healthy individuals from Rafsanjan city (Iran). A total of 100 patients with type 2 diabetes and 100 age-matched healthy individuals were enrolled to study. A blood sa