Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 53 8 2015 10 06 454 461 EN Reza Ghotaslou Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Fatemeh Yeganeh-Sefidan Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Behnaz Salahi-Eshlaqi Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Hamed Ebrahimzadeh-Leylabadlo Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. 2015 10 06 2015 10 06 Acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) is one of the most severe infectious diseases, causing neurologic sequel, and a case fatality rate of 20-30%. The aim of this paper was to summarize the main causes of ABM in Iran. We searched the data for relevant articles using meningitis, etiology, and Iran as search terms. We found 23 papers for inclusion in the review that focused specifically on the ABM, addressing etiology and acute meningitis. Finally, during the 23 years, a total of 18163 cases were recorded, and 1074 cases of which met the criteria for bacterial meningitis. The most common agent associated with bacterial meningitis was S. pneumoniae, followed by H. influenzae, Enterobacter spp., N. meningitidis, and group B streptococcus. The total incidence of ABM during 1991 to 2002 was higher than during 2003-2013. S. pneumoniae still remains a main cause of bacterial meningitis. For improved outcomes, studies are needed to further clarify the etiology of meningitis in Iran, explore simple, accurate, and practical diagnostic tools as PCR, and investigate the most appropriate specific and supportive interventions to manage and prevent meningitis as vaccination. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4265 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4265/4220

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 53 8 2015 10 06 462 465 EN Mohammad Vahedian-Ardakani Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. SM Javad Mortazavi Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mahmoud Farzan Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 06 2015 10 06 Primary knee osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the degenerative diseases that destroy auricular cartilage within knee joint and cause pain, varies deformity, decrease knee function. Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is an effective intervention in order to relieve pain, improve function and QOL (quality of life) in patients with severe osteoarthritis of the knees that have different degrees of varus deformity. However, we are not aware of any study to shows if medial side defect in tibia has any association with outcome. We conceive this study of finding out if medial side defect of tibia affects the outcome. 124 patients (143 knees) with primary knee OA with different stages of defects participated in this study. Patients classified into two groups based on Rand classification of knee defects (patients with Rand I and II in group 1 and patients with Rand III and IV in group 2). Pain and knee alignment have been measured by Visual analog scale (VAS) and 3-joint X-ray and quality of life, knee function and radiographic have been measured by questionnaires of SF 36, WOMAC and KSS score. The mean follow-up was 18. 2 mounts (range 12 to 23 months). The results showed that all of the parameters improved significantly within groups (P≤0.001). Comparison TKA between two groups in the postoperative analysis shows that there was a significant difference between groups in pain, radiographic and functional KSS and WOMAC score (P≤0.05). So group 1 had better results in these parameters than group 2 after surgery. TKA is an effective intervention for all patients with severe osteoarthritis and varus deformity. However, the severity of medial tibial defects is an important determinant of outcome. Patients with a more severe deformity have less favorable outcome. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4266 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4266/4221

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 53 8 2015 10 06 466 470 EN Behzad Heidari Mobility Impairment Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran AND Department of Internal Medicine, Rouhani Hospital, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. Yahya Javadian Mobility Impairment Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. Mansour Babaei Mobility Impairment Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran AND Department of Rheumatology, Rouhani Hospital, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. Behnaz Yousef-Ghahari Mobility Impairment Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran AND Department of Rheumatology, Rouhani Hospital, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. 2015 10 06 2015 10 06 Both vitamin D deficiency and quadriceps muscle weakness are associated with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and pain. The aim of this study was to determine the restorative effect of vitamin D deficiency on pain and quadriceps muscle strength in knee osteoarthritis. Patients with KOA aged≥30 years, the presence of knee pain for at least one month or longer and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin (25-OHD) deficiencies were recruited in the study. Participants with KOA compatible with Kellgren-Lawrence grade 4, joint instability, and effusion, history of surgery or inflammatory arthropathies were excluded. Serum 25-OHD was assessed by ELISA method and concentrations<20 ng/ml was considered deficiency. Quadriceps muscle strength was measured by dynamometry method and intensity of knee pain by Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis index scored by Likert scale and visual analog scale. All participants received 50.000 IU oral cholecalciferol weekly for at least two months. The influence of raising serum 25-OHD on  uadriceps muscle strength and pain was assessed by calculation of mean changes from baseline at the end of the treatment period using paired t-test. A total of 67 patients with mean age of 50±6.6 years of age were treated for 2 months. Serum 25-OHD reached to sufficient levels in all except one patient. At the end of the study period, serum 25-OHD and quadriceps muscle strength increased significantly as compared with baseline (P=0.007 and P=0.002, respectively), whereas knee pain decreased significantly based on Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis index (P=0.001) as well as visual analogue scale scores (P=0.001).These findings indicated that correction of vitamin D deficiency in patients with KOA exerts a significant favorable effect on quadriceps muscle streng h and knee pain. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4268 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4268/4223

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 53 8 2015 10 06 471 475 EN Farzaneh Agha-Hosseini Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, Dental Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AND Department of Oral Maxillofacial Medicine, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AND Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, The Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mina Mohebbian Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, Dental Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad-Reza Sarookani Department of Oral Maxillofacial Medicine, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iraj Harirchi Department of Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iraj Mirzaii-Dizgah Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 06 2015 10 06 Oral lichen planus (OLP) is classified as a potential malignant disorder, and epidermal growth factor (EGF) may play a key role in cancer development. The aim of this study was to compare serum and saliva EGF among patients with OLP and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). A cross-sectional study was performed on 27 patients with OLP (10 reticular and 17 atrophic-erosive forms), 27 patients with OSCC and 27 healthy control group. The study was conducted at the Cancer Department, Clinic of Oral Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The serum and saliva EGF were assayed by ELISA method. Statistical analysis of ANOVA was used. The mean serum EGF in OLP and OSCC patients was significantly lower compared to healthy control group (P < 0.05), but no significant difference was observed between OLP and OSCC patients. There was no significant difference in mean salivary EGF among groups. As serum EGF levels appear to be statistically similar in OLP and OSCC, it seems that EGF might play a role in the pathogenesis of OLP and its cancerization. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4269 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4269/4224

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 53 8 2015 10 06 476 481 EN Roya Sattarzadeh-Badkoubeh Department of Cardiology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Babak Geraiely Department of Cardiology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohssen Nassiri-Toosi Department of Internal Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ali Jafarian Department of General Surgery, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 06 2015 10 06 We assessed different systolic cardiac indices to detect left and right ventricular systolic dysfunction in cirrhotic patients before liver transplantation. Between 2010-2011, 81 consecutive individuals with confirmed hepatic cirrhosis who were a candidate for liver transplantation were enrolled in this study. A total of 32 age and sex matched healthy volunteers were also selected as the control group. A detailed two-dimensional, Color Flow Doppler, and Tissue Doppler echocardiography were performed in all patients and control participants. Left atrial diameter and area, right atrial area, left ventricular enddiastolic volume, and basal right ventricular diameter were significantly higher in the cirrhotic group (P<0.05). Left ventricular ejection fraction, stroke volume, left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion were also higher in the cirrhotic group (P<0.05). Peak systolic velocities of tricuspid annulus, basal segment of RV free wall and basal seg ent of septal wall, peak strains of basal and mid portions of septal wall, mid portion of lateral wall and peak strain rates of basal and mid portions of septal and lateral walls were higher significantly in cirrhotic group, as well (P<0.05). Isovolumic contraction time, LV systolic time interval and Tei indexes of left and right ventricles which all are representatives of systolic dysfunction were higher in cirrhosis. Peak systolic velocity of a mid-segment of the lateral wall was lower in the cirrhotic group (P<0.05) as well. Most of the cirrhotic patients display signs of cardiovascular disturbances that become more manifest following exposure to stresses such as transplantation. Cardiac failure is an important cause of death following liver transplantation. Because of the load dependency we cannot use most of the cardiac systolic indices for evaluatio of systolic function in cirrhotic patients. Thus, we suggest th t LV systolic time interval and Tei indices of left and right ventricles might be useful in ices in the evaluation of systolic function in cirrhotic patients. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4271 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4271/4226

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 53 8 2015 10 06 482 490 EN Kamran Rakhshan Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Alireza Imani Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AND Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AND Department of Physiology, Occupational Sleep Research Center Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Mahdieh Faghihi Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Fatemeh Nabavizadeh Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Masoumeh Golnazari Islamic Azad University, Hamadan Branch, Hamadan, Iran. SeyedMorteza Karimian Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 06 2015 10 06 Exposure to stress leads to physiological changes called “stress response” which are the result of the changes in the adrenomedullary hormone system, hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity. In the present study, the effects of chronic physical and psychological stress and also the role of sympathetic system effects in stress on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injuries have been= studied in isolated rat heart. Rat heart was isolated and subjected to 30 min regional ischemia and 120 min reperfusion. The daily stress was induced for one week prior to I/R induction. Sympathectomy was done chemically by injection of hydroxyl-dopamine prior to stress induction. There were no significant changes in heart rate and Coronary Flow between groups. Left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and rate product pressure (RPP) in both physical and psychological stress groups decreased significantly compared to those in control group (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference betwe n physical and psychological stress groups. Infarct size significantly increased in both physical and psychological stress groups and control group (P<0.05. Sympathectomy before induction of stress led to the elimination of the deleterious effects of stress as compared with stress groups (P<0.05). These results show that induction of chronic physical and psychological stress prior to ischemia/reperfusion causes enhancement of myocardial injuries and it seems that increased sympathetic activity in response to stress is responsible for these adverse effects of stress on ischemic/reperfused heart. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4273 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4273/4228

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 53 8 2015 10 06 491 500 EN Alireza Imani 1Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Maryam Khansari 1Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Yaser Azizi Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Kamran Rakhshan 1Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mahdieh Faghihi 1Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 06 2015 10 06 Postconditioning is a simple and safe strategy for cardioprotection and infarct size limitation. Our previous study showed that oxytocin (OT) exerts postconditioning effect on ischemic/reperfused isolated rat heart. The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of OT receptor, mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel (mKATP), nitric oxide (NO) and cyclooxygenase (COX) pathways in OT postconditioning. Isolated rat hearts were divided into10 groups and underwent 30 min of regional ischemia followed by 120 min of reperfusion (n =6). In I/R (ischemia/reperfusion) group, ischemia and reperfusion were induced without any treatment. In OT group, oxytocin was perfused 5 min prior to beginning of reperfusion for 25 min. In groups 3-6, atosiban (oxytocin receptor blocker), L-NAME (N-Nitro-L-Arginine Methyl Ester, non-specific nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), 5-HD (5-hydroxydecanoate, mKATP inhibitor) and indomethacin (cyclooxygenase inhibitor) were infused prior to oxytocin administration. In others,  he mentioned inhibitors were perfused prior to ischemia without oxytocin infusion. Infarct size, ventricular hemodynamic, coronary effluent, malondialdehyde (MDA) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured at the end of reperfusion. OT perfusion significantly reduced infarct size, MDA and LDH in comparison with IR group. Atosiban, 5HD, L-NAME and indomethacin abolished the postconditioning effect of OT. Perfusion of the inhibitors alone prior to ischemia had no effect on infarct size, hemodynamic parameters, coronaryeffluent and biochemical markers as compared with I/R group. In conclusion, this study indicates that postconditioning effects of OT are mediated by activation of mKATP and production of NO and Prostaglandins (PGs). https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4275 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4275/4230

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 53 8 2015 10 06 501 506 EN Ameneh Barikani Children Growth Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran. Akram Beheshti Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran. Maryam Javadi Department of Dietitian, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran. Marzieh Yasi Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran. 2015 10 06 2015 10 06 Orientation of public and physicians to the complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is one of the most prominent symbols of structural changes in the health service system. The aim of his study was a determination of knowledge, attitude, and practice of general practitioners in complementary and alternative medicine. This cross- sectional study was conducted in Qazvin, Iran in 2013. A self-administered questionnaire was used for collecting data including four information parts: population information, physicians’ attitude and knowledge, methods of getting information and their function. A total of 228 physicians in Qazvin comprised the population of study according to the deputy of treatment’s report of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. A total of 150 physicians were selected randomly, and SPSS Statistical program was used to enter questionnaires’ data. Results were analyzed as descriptive statistics and statistical analysis. Sixty percent of all responders were male. About sixty (59.4) percent of  articipating practitioners had worked less than 10 years. 96.4 percent had a positive attitude towards complementary and alternative medicine. Knowledge of practitioners about traditional medicine in 11 percent was good, 36.3% and 52.7% had average and little information, respectively. 17.9% of practitioners offered their patients complementary and alternative medicine for treatment. Although there was little knowledge a ong practitioners about traditional medicine and complementary approaches, a significant percentage of them had attitude higher than the lower limit. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4276 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4276/4231

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 53 8 2015 10 06 507 511 EN Soheila Moghimi-Hanjani Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Karaj, Iran. Zahra Mehdizadeh-Tourzani Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran. Mahnaz Shoghi Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Karaj, Iran. 2015 10 06 2015 10 06 Reflexology is a technique used widely as one of non-pharmacological pain management techniques. The present study aimed to review and determine the effect of foot reflexology on anxiety, pain and outcomes of the labor in primigravida women. This clinical trial study was conducted on 80 primigravida mothers who were divided randomly into an intervention group (Foot reflexology applied for 40 min, n=40) and control group (n=40). The pain intensity was scored immediately after the end of intervention and at 30,60 and 120 min after the intervention in both groups, based on McGill Questionnaire for Pain Rating Index (PRI). Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was completed before and after intervention in both groups. Duration of labor phases, the type of labor and Apgar scores of the infant at the first and fifth minute were recorded in both groups. Descriptive and inferential statistics methods (t-test and chi-square test) were applied in analyzing data. Application of reflexology technique decreas d pain intensity (at 30, 60 and 120 min after intervention) and duration of labor as well as anxiety level significantly (P<0.001). Furthermore, a significant difference was observed between two groups in terms of the frequency distribution of the type of labor and Apgar score (P<0.001). Results of this study show that reflexology reduces labor pain intensity, duration of labor, anxiety, frequency dist ibution of natural delivery and increases Apgar scores. Using this non-invasive technique, obstetricians can achieve, to some extent, to one of the most important goals of midwifery as pain relief and reducing anxiety during labor and encourage the mothers to have a vaginal delivery. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4277 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4277/4684

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 53 8 2015 10 06 512 515 EN Marzieh Soheili School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. Shirin Honarmand Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Kurdistan, Iran. Heshmatollah Soleimani Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. Anvar Elyasi Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. 2015 10 06 2015 10 06 Benign duodenocolic fistula (DCF), known as a fistula between the duodenum and colon with or without cecum of nonmalignant origin, is an unusual complication of different gastrointestinal diseases. The present paper records a case in which the patient presented with chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight lossas well as having a history of gastric ulcer. Most frequently the condition presents with signs of malabsorption such as weight loss and diarrhea, but other symptoms include nausea, vomiting (sometimes with fecal), and abdominal pain. Gastrointestinal inflammatory conditions are the usual causes. The most common ones are perforated duodenal ulcer and Crohn’s disease. Barium enemas are usually diagnostic. Treatment consists of excising the fistula and repairing the duodenal and colonic defects. Closure of the fistula provides quick relief. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4278 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4278/4233

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 53 8 2015 10 06 516 517 EN Monireh Rahimkhani Department of Lab Medical Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mostafa Saberian Department of Lab Medical Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Alireza Mordadi Department of Lab Medical Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Sajad Varmazyar Department of Lab Medical Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ali Tavakoli Department of Lab Medical Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 06 2015 10 06 Candida glabrata was thought to be a primarily non-pathogenic organism. However, with the ever-increasing population of immunocompromised individuals, it is considered to be an opportunistic pathogen. Patients with spinal cord injuries often using a long-term urinary catheter and are high risk for Urinary Tract Infections. This case report describes a patient with spinal cord injury (thoracic region) with a pure culture of Candida glabrata in a urine sample. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4280 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4280/4235

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 53 8 2015 10 06 518 522 EN Saeid Tarlan Department of Pediatric Surgery, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran. Abolfazl Mahyar Department of Pediatric, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran. Victoria Chegini Department of Pediatric, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran. Venus Chegini Department of Gynecology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical ScienceS, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 06 2015 10 06 Megacystis Microcolon Intestinal Hypoperistalsis Syndrome (MMIHS) is a rare and the most severe form of functional intestinal obstruction in the newborn. The characteristic features of this congenital and fatal disease are abdominal distension, absent or decreased bowel peristalsis. Abdominal distension is a consequence of the distended, unobstructed urinary bladder with or without hydronephrosis. We present a case of female newborn with antenatal ultrasound revealing a large cystic mass in pelvic with urinary tract origin, abdominal distension, aperistalsis of the intestine and micro colon. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4281 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4281/4236