Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 51 10 2013 10 15 663 674 EN Reza Shirkoohi Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Cyrus Azimi Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 Cancer is a genetic-epigenetic based disease which contains a complex of alterations that cause irreversible transformation of cells with a new anarchic behavior. Tumor suppressor inactivation and/or oncogene activation will lead to tumorigenesis. Based on the genetic alteration in germ or somatic cells, the affected person will have a different fate of cancer incidence or inheritable cancer susceptibility syndrome. Knowing the mechanism of molecular and cytogenetic alterations in cancer will give an advantage in finding more practical approaches to cancer management. In this review, the cancer genetics is discussed from different aspects. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4385 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4385/4402

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 51 10 2013 10 15 675 680 EN Ali Asghar Hemmati Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, AND Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. and Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. Behnam Ghorbanzadeh Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. Mohammad Amin Behmanesh Department of Histology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. 2015 10 11 The leukotrienes and prostaglandins are biologically active metabolites derived from arachidonic acid. The leukotrienes have a role in inflammatory diseases such as allergic rhinitis, inflammatory bowel disease and asthma. Montelukast, a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist, is claimed to be effective in asthma. The present study aimed to assess the role of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist on peripheral inflammation and whether montelukast treatment enhances the anti-inflammatory effect of indomethacin. Anti-inflammatory response was measured using a plethysmometer. Histopathologic examination for leukocyte accumulation was done. Montelukast (0.5-2mg/kg, i.p.) produced a significant anti-inflammatory effect in dose dependent manner against formalin-induced rat paw oedema at 1h but not in 3 and 5 h. When indomethacin (5 mg/kg, i.p) was co-administered with montelukast (1 mg/kg, i.p), the anti-inflammatory effects of indomethacin were significantly increased as compared to the per se effect at 3 and 5 hour after formalin challenge. In histopathology it has been found that combination therapy significantly decreased migration of leucocytes into the site of inflammation. These results show that montelukast has anti-inflammatory properties in peripheral tissue and markedly potentiates the anti-inflammatory activity of indomethacin at 3 and 5 h. It is expected that combination of montelukast with cyclooxygenase inhibitor would prove to be a novel approach to manage complex inflammatory conditions. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4384 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4384/4405

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 51 10 2013 10 15 681 686 EN Mehdi Hadadzadeh Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Afshar Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Seyed Habib Hosseini Department of Anesthesiology, Afshar Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Seyed Mohammad Yousof Mostafavi Pour Manshadi Department of Medicine, Ali ben Abitaleb Medical College, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran. Nafiseh Naderi Department of Medicine, Ali ben Abitaleb Medical College, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran. Mahmood Emami Meybodi Department of Cardiology, Afshar Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. 2015 10 11 Myocardial dysfunction is a major complication in cardiac surgery that needs inotropic support. This study evaluates the effect of milrinone on patients with low ventricular ejection fraction undergoing off- pump coronary artery bypass graft (OPCAB). The present study is designed to evaluate the effect of milrinone on myocardial dysfunction. Eighty patients with low ventricular ejection fraction (<35%), candidate for elective OPCAB, were enrolled in this study. They were randomly assigned to two groups. One group received milrinone (50 μg/kg) intravenously and another group received a saline as placebo followed by 24 hours infusion of each agent (0.5 μg/kg/min). Short outcome of patients such as hemodynamic parameters and left ventricular ejection fraction were variables evaluated. Serum levels of creatine phosphokinase, the MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase, occurrence of arrhythmias and mean duration of mechanical ventilation were significantly lower in milrinone group (P<0.05). The mean post operative left ventricular ejection fraction was significantly higher in milrinone group (P=0.031). There were no statistical significant differences between the two groups in terms of intra-aortic balloon pump, inotropic support requirement, myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, duration of inotropic support, duration of intensive care unit stay, mortality and morbidity rate. Administration of milrinone in patients undergoing OPCAB with low ventricular ejection fraction is useful and effective. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4383 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4383/4406

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 51 10 2013 10 15 687 692 EN Mehrdad Hasibi Department of Infectious Diseases, Amir Alam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Sirus Jafari Department of Infectious Diseases, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Habibollah Mortazavi Department of Infectious Diseases, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Marjan Asadollahi Department of Neurology, Loghman Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Gholamreza Esmaeeli Djavid Department of Infectious Diseases, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 In endemic area the most challenging problem for brucellosis is to find a reliable diagnostic method. In this case-control study, we investigated the accuracy of ELISA test for diagnosis of human brucellosis and determined the optimal cut-off value for ELISA results in Iran. The laboratory diagnosis of brucellosis was performed by blood isolation of Brucella organism with a BACTEC 9240 system and/or detection of Brucella antibodies by standard agglutination test (titer ≥ 1:160). Serum level of ELISA IgG and ELISA IgM from 56 confirmed cases of brucellosis and 126 controls were compared with each other by Box plot graph and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. Box plot graphs showed the high degree of dispersion for IgG and IgM data in patients compared with all controls. We observed partially overlapping for IgM data (not for IgG) between cases and controls in graphs. The area under ROC curve for distinguishing between cases and controls was larger for IgG compared to IgM. Based on results of this study, ELISA IgG test was more reliable than ELISA IgM test in diagnosis of human brucellosis in Iran. Using a cut-off of 10 IU/ml and 50 IU/ml had most sensitivity (92.9%) and most specificity (100%) for ELISA IgG test, respectively. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4382 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4382/4408

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 51 10 2013 10 15 693 696 EN Soghra Rabiee Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Fatemieh Women Hospital, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Mahboobeh Hemmati Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Fatemieh Women Hospital, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Nazanin Fallah Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Fatemieh Women Hospital, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. 2015 10 11 Ectopic pregnancy (EP) and miscarriage are important differential diagnosis of first trimester vaginal bleeding. In first trimester, serum progesterone value can be 5-20 ng/ml in EP and miscarriage. Since delay in diagnosis of EP could have high mortality and morbidity, the aim of this study was comparison of serum progesterone value in EP and miscarriage in order to differentiate these conditions. A total of 60 patients (30 EP and 30 miscarriages) with gestational age of 5-7 weeks by LMP were enrolled in this study. The titer of progesterone and βhCG of serum were measured. The mean of progesterone and βhCG titers were compared in two groups by Student's t-test. The mean progesterone titer for all patients was 6.36±5.62 ng/ml, with a minimum value of 0.44 and maximum value of 21.50 ng/ml. Serum progesterone level in 33 patients was lower than 5 ng/ml and in 27 patients was between 5-25 ng/ml. Mean serum progesterone for miscarriage was 6.803±5.72 and for EP was 5.915±5.45 ng/ml. Difference between two values was not significant statistically (P=0.067). Mean βhCG for miscarriage was 1313.04 IU/l and for EP 1805.56 IU/l. Mean patients age were 27.2 totally that for miscarriage was 25.8 and for EP 28.5 years. This study indicated, the mean value of progesterone could not differentiate EP from miscarriage. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4381 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4381/4409

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 51 10 2013 10 15 697 700 EN Zahra Rezaei Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Women Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Farahnaz Sadat Ahmadi Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Women Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Shirin Niroomanesh Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Women Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Shahram Ejtemaee Mehr Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Fatemeh Davari Tanha Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Women Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Atefeh Aminian Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Azizeh Ghaseminejad Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Women Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Soleiman Abbasi Health Committee of the Islamic Parliament of Iran, Tehran, Iran. Fariba Yarandi Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Women Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 The cause of neural tube defects (NTDs) is multifactorial and in this case folic acid has an important role. Since the neural tube is closed during 21-28 days of pregnancy, most of women are not informed about their pregnancy at this time, and as a result the golden time of folic acid consumption is missed. The aim of this study was evaluating the performance of pregnant women attending to Tehran Women's Hospital in regard to folic acid intake during pre-conceptional period between 2011 and 2012. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 370 pregnant women attending the prenatal clinic of a hospital affiliate to Tehran University of Medical Sciences between 2011 and 2012. Data were collected through interview using a questionnaire. Although 70% of the pregnancies were planned, but 70.5% of pregnant women had not taken folic acid before conception or in necessary time. There was found a significant relationship between level of education, history of abnormalities in children and the number of abortions and taking folic acid before pregnancy (P=0.005, P=0.000 and P=0.000, respectively). https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4380 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4380/4410

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 51 10 2013 10 15 701 704 EN Mojgan Asadi Osteoporosis Research Center and Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AND Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Zahra Jouyandeh Obesity and Eating Habit Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular -Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Farnaz Nayebzadeh General Physician ,Tehran Women General Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran. Mostafa Qorbani Department of Public Health, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran. AND Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 Vitamin D deficiency is the most under-diagnosed medical condition in postmenopausal women. There are few epidemiologic studies on vitamin D status of postmenopausal women in Iran. This study aimed to investigate the 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in postmenopausal women living in Tehran, capital of Iran. In this cross sectional study, 110 women were selected via convenience sampling method from menopause clinic of Tehran Women General Hospital between 2011 and 2012. For each woman, a questionnaire was completed, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were determined by chemiluminescence's immunoassay. Vitamin D deficiency has been considered as a 25(OH)D of less than 20ng/ml. Vitamin D insufficiency has been defined as a 25(OH)D of 21-29ng/ml, and sufficiency as a 25(OH)D of 30-100ng/ml. The data was analyzed by using Pearson correlation test in SPSS version 16. The mean age of women was 52.67±5 years. The mean age at natural menopause onset was 47.66±4.44 years, and the median menopause age was 49.00. The median 25(OH)D level was 19.28 (Inter Quartile Range=26.08). We found vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D insufficiency 52.7% and17.3% respectively. Serum 25(OH) D concentrations were significantly correlated with age(r=0.21, P=0.024). These findings indicate that 25(OH)D level in postmenopausal women from Tehran is low. TlisherName>Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 51 12 2013 12 15 864 870 EN Morteza Izadi Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mozhgan Fazel International Travel Medicine Center of Iran, Tehran, Iran Mohsen Akrami International Travel Medicine Center of Iran, Tehran, Iran. Seyed Hassan Saadat International Travel Medicine Center of Iran, Tehran, Iran. Bahram Pishgoo International Travel Medicine Center of Iran, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Hassan Nasseri International Travel Medicine Center of Iran, Tehran, Iran. Hossein Dabiri Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Reza SafiAryan Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ali Akbar Esfahani Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ali Ahmadi Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Davood Kazemi-Saleh Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Hassan Kalantar-Motamed Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Saeed Taheri Dr Taheri Medical Research Group, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 An association between Chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae) and cardiovascular disease has been demonstrated. In this study, we aimed to study this potential relationship in 105 Iranian patients. Coronary artery specimens from 105 Iranian patients undergoing CABG were analyzed by PCR method for C. pneumoniae. Serological evaluation for C. pneumoniae IgG and IgM was performed using ELISA. 53 specimens from mamillary artery were also investigated. C. pneumoniae PCR test result was positive for 23 (21.9%) of patients with coronary artery atherosclerosis, but none of the specimens from the mamillary artery was positive for C. pneumoniae when it was evaluated by the PCR (P<0.001). Coronary artery disease patients with and without a history of unstable angina or myocardial infarction were comparable in C. pneumoniae PCR test positive rates (P=0.618). Relevance of IgG and IgM positivity were also studied by correlating it to the study parameters, but no difference was found. CRP was significantly higher in the IgM positive group (P<0.001). A significant proportion of coronary atherosclerotic plaques are infected with C. pneumoniae while no infection was found in the normal mamillary artery specimens. No association was found between acute coronary syndromes and serological and PCR positivity. Further prospective randomized controlled studies with large patient population are needed to confirm our findings. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4332 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4332/4541

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 51 12 2013 12 15 871 878 EN Hossein Khalili Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Samaneh Bairami Research Center for Rational Use of Drugs, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mona Kargar Research Center for Rational Use of Drugs, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 Drug induced acute kidney injury (AKI) has been implicated in 8% to 60% of all cases of in-hospital AKI and as such is a recognized source of significant morbidity and mortality. Evaluation of incidence, risk factors, onset time, and outcome of  antibiotics' associated acute kidney injury. During one-year period, all patients who developed acute kidney injury during their hospital stay in the infectious diseases ward of Imam Khomeini hospital were included in the study prospectively. Patients' demographic data, baseline diseases, cause of current hospital admission, history of past and current medications and hemodynamic parameters were collected and monitored closely. Drug induced acute kidney injury was defined based on acute kidney injury network criteria. From 424 admitted patients, 76 (17.9%) developed acute kidney injury. Aminoglycosides (gentamicin and amikacin), amphotericin B, vancomycin, beta-lactam antibiotics (cefazolin and ceftriaxone) in monotherapy and combination therapy were the causes of acute kidney injury in most of the patients. From the co-morbid diseases in patients with acute kidney injury, diabetes mellitus (26.3%) and hypertension (5.5%), were the most frequent ones. Presence of diabetes mellitus as comorbidity (OR=2.6; CI=1.3-5.7, P=0.01), dehydration of patients upon admission (OR=3.4; CI=1.9-6.4, P<0.001), and administration of nephrotoxic combinations (OR=2.1; CI=1.2-4.1, P=0.04) were independent risk factors for antibiotic induced nephrotoxicity in our study. About 18% of the patients developed acute kidney injury during their hospitalization period in the infectious diseases ward. Aminoglycosides, amphotericin B, vancomycin and beta-lactam antibiotics were responsible agents for acute kidney injury in this study. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4331 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4331/4544

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 51 12 2013 12 15 879 885 EN Kambiz Kamyab-Hesari Department of Dermatopathology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran. Kamran Balighi Department of dermatology, Razi Hospital , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Nasim Afshar Department of dermatology, Razi Hospital , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Nessa Aghazadeh Department of dermatology, Razi Hospital , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ziba Rahbar Department of dermatology, Razi Hospital , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Maryam Seraj Department of dermatology, Razi Hospital , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Maede Rayati Department of dermatology, Razi Hospital , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 Adnexal tumors (ATs) are primary skin tumors with benign or rarely, malignant behavior. They have been classified based on differentiation towards hair follicle, sebaceous, apocrine or eccrine gland. Few large-scale studies have focused on ATs. To determine the prevalence of ATs and to assess clinical and histopathological trend of ATs. A retrospective descriptive study of all ATs diagnosed in Razi hospital between 2006 and 2010 was performed. A total of 30,000 pathology records were reviewed, and 1016 ATs were included. The prevalence of ATs was 3.3%. 518 patients (51%) were female, with a mean age of 34.5 years. 953 tumors (93.8%) were benign. ATs were most commonly located in the head and neck area (822, 83.5%). The most common histopathological origin of ATs was sebaceous gland (536, 52.7%). Sebaceous nevus of Jadassohn was the most prevalent single tumor type (40.6% of all ATs). In 63.6% (646) of tumors, ATs were clinically suspected by the clinician prior to biopsy. The most common malignant AT was sebaceous carcinoma (23, 36.5% of all malignant ATs). ATs are infrequent lesions, most commonly occurring in 3rd and 4th decade of life. Diagnosis of ATs is made by histopathological studies as they often express indistinctive clinical features. Malignant ATs are rare, occur at an older age, and are often hard to recognize clinically. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4330 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4330/4546

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 51 12 2013 12 15 886 891 EN Maryam Jalessi Department of ENT-Head and Neck Surgery, ENT-Head and Neck Surgery Research Center, Rasool Akram Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Farhadi Department of ENT-Head and Neck Surgery, ENT-Head and Neck Surgery Research Center, Rasool Akram Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Alimohamad Asghari Department of ENT-Head and Neck Surgery, ENT-Head and Neck Surgery Research Center, Rasool Akram Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Seyed Kamran Kamrava Department of ENT-Head and Neck Surgery, ENT-Head and Neck Surgery Research Center, Rasool Akram Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ebrahim Amintehran Department of ENT-Head and Neck Surgery, ENT-Head and Neck Surgery Research Center, Rasool Akram Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Suzan Ghalehbaghi Department of Family Planning and Population Control, Islamic Azad University South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran. Ashkan Heshmatzadeh Behzadi Department of ENT-Head and Neck Surgery, ENT-Head and Neck Surgery Research Center, Rasool Akram Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Seyed Behzad Pousti Department of ENT-Head and Neck Surgery, ENT-Head and Neck Surgery Research Center, Rasool Akram Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 A wide range of population, 4% to 30%, suffers from tinnitus that is defined as perception of sound without apparent acoustic stimulus. We conducted the present study to determine the prevalence of tinnitus in Iranian population; Tehran province. This cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2009 to December 2009, recruiting 3207 individuals (age range, 7-98) who were residing in Tehran province, Iran. Participants were asked to fill two questionnaires; the validated Persian version of Tinnitus Questionnaire (TQ) and another one that was specifically designed for this study. Prevalence of tinnitus and its association factors were evaluated. 3207 participants enrolled into our study comprising 1429 (44.7%) male and 1765 (55.3%) female with mean age of 55.01±17.85. Of total of 3207 participants, 146 (4.6%) had tinnitus consisting of 80 male (54.8%) and 66 (45.2%) female participants. It showed a rising trend with increasing age that was especially significant after the sixth decade of life (P=0.001). The analysis showed mean TQ global score of 35.96±25.52 that was significantly different between male and female participants (P=0.051) and had no significant correlation with increasing age (Spearman's r=0.1, P=0.10). The tinnitus intensity was moderate to very severe in 95 (56.1%) of the participants. Its severity level was not significantly different between men and women (P=0.09). Tinnitus intensity had no significant association with increasing age (Spearman's r=0.1, P=0.31). Patients with higher TQ global score had higher tinnitus intensities (P=0.001). The annoyance level was significantly different between men and women (P=0.04) and its impact on the participants daily routine functions were significantly higher in men (P=0.003). Given the results of the study, demonstrating that prevalence of tinnitus in Iranian population (Tehran province) was lower than the other countries and had a direct correlation with increasing age only after the sixth decade. TQ global score had significant correlation with tinnitus intensity, annoyance and impact on the participants' daily routine functions. However, none of the above had correlation with increasing age. Tinnitus TQ global score and intensity were not different between men and women; however annoyance of tinnitus and its impact on participants' daily routine functions were significantly higher in men. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4329 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4329/4552

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 51 12 2013 12 15 892 896 EN Abdollah Jafarzadeh Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, and Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran. Mohammad Taghi Rezayati Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, and Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran. Maryam Nemati Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. 2015 10 11 It has been also reported that that H. pylori infection may be responsible for some endocrine disorders, such as autoimmune thyroid diseases, diabetes mellitus and primary hyperparathyroidism. H. pylori which express cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) may be more virulent than those that do not. The aim was to evaluate the seroprevalence of anti-H. pylori IgG and anti-CagA  antibodies in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM) and healthy individuals from Rafsanjan city (Iran). A total of 100 patients with type 2 diabetes and 100 age-matched healthy individuals were enrolled to study. A blood sample was collected from each participant. The type 2 DM established according to the fasting blood glucose level of 126 mg/dl. The sera were tested for the presence of anti-H. pylori IgG antibodies and antibody to CagA by use of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The seroprevalence of anti-H. pylori antibodies in diabetic  patients (76%) was similar to that observed in healthy subjects (75%). The mean titer of anti-H. pylori IgG in healthy control group (131.63±11.68 U/ml) was significantly higher than diabetic group (54.43±4.50 U/ml; P<0.0001). The prevalence of serum anti-CagA IgG antibodies was 78.9% in infected diabetic patients and 77.3% in healthy control group with mean titer of 75.02±4.54 U/ml and 84.34±5.85 U/ml, respectively. No significant differences were observed between diabetic and healthy control groups regarding the prevalence and the mean titer of anti-CagA IgG antibodies. In the diabetic group, the seropositive rate of anti-H. pylori IgG was higher in women as compared to men, but the difference was not statistically significant. These results show that H. pylori seropositivity rate was similar in type 2 DM patients and non-diabetics control group. No association was also found between CagA-positive strains of H. pylori and type 2 DM. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4328 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4328/4553

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 51 12 2013 12 15 897 902 EN Seyed Mansour Razavi Department of Community Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Jaber Mahmoudi Educational Development Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Zinat Nadia Hatmi Department of Community Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mandana Shirazi Educational Development Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 Among the various methods of clinical teaching, rounds and grand rounds are considered as the gold standards. Clinical round includes some standard components and it plays an effective role in student's learning process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the content of teaching rounds in 40 clinical wards in 4 medical teaching hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, Iran, and also to assess the learners benefit rate from these programs and determine the factors affecting those. This is a cross sectional, descriptive and analytical study conducted on 318 medical learners in different grades, about the content of clinical rounds. The data collection tool was a questionnaire made by researchers. The validity of the questionnaire according to experts opinions and the reliability with a pilot study conducted on 30 cases were confirmed (α=0.826). Data entered into the SPSS software and for analysis Chi-square, Student's t-test, ANOVA and linear regression analysis tests were used. In this study 20 subjects related to clinical rounds content were assessed. The highest score was related to the subject of diagnosis and the lowest one was related to legal issues. Overall, the mean score of the learner's benefit rate to this method was 3.52 out of five. The level of learner's benefit rate was above the average and the benefit rates according to educational grade, number of the students and faculties were significantly different (P<0.05). Average of the benefit rate among residents were significantly higher than the other medical trainees (P<0.05). In conclusion, in understudied clinical rounds, there has been more emphasized on history taking, clinical examinations and diagnosis subjects, and Issues like: accountability, health economy, patient's nutrition, non-drug treatments and medical legal issues are less considered in the studied rounds. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4327 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4327/4554

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 51 12 2013 12 15 903 906 EN Fahimeh Hajiabolhassan Department of Audiology, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran. Elham Tavanai Department of audiology, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) is a condition that indicates a benign inner ear disorder. It is generally believed that BPPV is due to the dislodged otoconial particles from otolith organs and unusual collection of them within any of semicircular canals or even in all three semicircular canals. Although the typical features of nystagmus in BPPV have be