Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 52 3 2014 03 15 176 181 EN Mostafa Moradi Sarabi Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mahmood Doosti Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Nahid Einollahi Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Soroush Shahryar Hesami Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Nasrin Dashti Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and disability in developed countries. Atherosclerosis is the major cause of CVD, accounting for about half of the attributed deaths. Cholesterol homeostasis is one of the most important factors in atherosclerosis. ATP-Binding cassette transporters cholesterol. Omega (ω) 3 fatty acids are important ligands for regulation of ABC transporters such as ABCG1. Concern has been raised that the low absolute intakes of EPA and high ratios of ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-6 PUFA) to EPA may predispose some individuals to CVD. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is the most abundant ω3 fatty acid in the diet. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of EPA on the expression of ABCG1 gene in the human monocyte THP-1 cells. In this study, THP-1 cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium, THP-1 monocytes were then differentiated to macrophages with PMA (phorbol myristic acid) and stimulated with 50, 75 and 100 μM of EPA for 24 h at 37°C. We examined the effects of EPA treatment on the expression of ABCG1 gene using Quantitative Real time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). Our results, indicate that ABCG1 mRNA expression was significantly reduced by 50, 75 and 100 μM EPA fatty acid treatments as compared to the control cells (р = 0.009, р < 0.001 and р = 0.002, respectively). These results suggest that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as EPA have an effect on the cholesterol homeostasis in macrophages, and they can change the expression of ABCG1 gene. It seems that EPA has different effects on gene expression and lipid metabolism. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4685 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4685/4320

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 52 3 2014 03 15 182 186 EN Samin Zamani Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Javad Nasiri Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Behshad Noorazar Khoshgnab Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Abbas Ashrafi Department of Pathology, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Alireza Abdollahi Department of Pathology, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 Antimicrobial resistance in pathogens not only in hospitals but also in the community has become an important public health problem. The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of predominant pathogens from hospitalized and outpatients in a university hospital in Tehran, Iran. A total of 820 samples of common Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria were collected from a major referral and teaching hospital affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences in Iran during April 2010 to February 2011. The pattern of antibiotic resistance was determined by disk diffusion test as recommended by the Clinical Laboratory and Standards Institute (CLSI). Gram-negative bacilli were the most isolated pathogens. Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) was the most antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Imipenem and piperacillin/tazobactam were the most active antimicrobials against gram-negative bacilli whereas vancomycin was the antimicrobial agent most consistently active against the Gram-positive cocci. Community-acquired organisms were more susceptible to antimicrobial drugs tested than nosocomial isolates. The rates of antibiotic resistance among isolated pathogens in this study were approximately similar to other studies. However, high rates of antibiotic resistance among Acinetobacter spp and P. aeruginosa, the most isolated pathogens, indicating that antibiotic policy is urgently needed to prevent the resistance development ago. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4683 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4683/4321

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 52 3 2014 03 15 187 191 EN Farzad Katiraee Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Vahid Khalaj Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. Ali Reza Khosravi Department of Mycology, Mycology Research Center, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Mahboubeh Hajiabdolbaghi Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 The growing number of immunocompromised individuals has increased the incidence of infections caused by Candida species during the recent decades. Typing of C. albicans on the basis of DNA sequences at multiple loci has greatly advanced our knowledge about the epidemiology and phylogeny of candidiasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diversity, and genetic relationships among C. albicans isolates obtained from HIV patients in Iran. using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method. We analyzed 25 C. albicans isolates obtained from HIV positive patients referred to Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS. After diagnostic test and DNA extraction C. albicans isolates were typed using the original MLST scheme explained previously include of six loci: ACC1, VPS13, GLN4, ADP1, RPN2, and SYA1. Fifty one (2.17%) nucleotide sites were found to be polymorphic; all were found to be heterozygous in at least one isolate. For the 25 clinical isolates, 22 diploid sequence types were defined by the genotypes identified from the six loci. The MLST data suggest a relatively high level of divergence in the population structure of C. albicans isolated from HIV infected patients. These findings indicate that in these patients there is a favorable context for the growth of potential pathogenic C. albicans. We found no association between fluconazole resistance, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) receiving and either sequence type or group. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4681 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4681/4323

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 52 3 2014 03 15 192 196 EN Ebrahim Razi Trauma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. Armin Razi Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Gholam Abbas Moosavi Trauma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. 2015 10 11 Increases in body mass index (BMI) are reported to influence asthma response to treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between BMI and response to treatment in a group of patients that were referred for asthma control. Effectiveness measurements in this analysis included percentage of changes in forced volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced volume capacity (FVC), FEV1/FVC, and forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of FVC (FEF25-75%). A total of 293 subjects with asthma of both genders and above 18 years of age were divided into the following BMI categories: 107 (36.5%) non-obese (BMI < 25), 186 (63.5%) overweight and obese (BMI ≥ 25). Percentage of change was defined as change in variable between baseline and end-of-treatment. Analyses of non-obese vs. overweight/obese asthmatics demonstrated non-significant differences in baseline FEV1 (1.62 ± 0.56 Lit vs. 1.63 ± 0.56 Lit L, P = 0.89); FVC (2.58 ± 0.73 Lit vs. 2.47 ± 0.82 Lit, P = 0.25); and FEF25-75% (1.04 ± 0.55 ml/sec vs. 1.05 ± 0.50 ml/sec, P = 0.47) respectively. Compared with non-obese subjects, in overweight/obese subjects with asthma were less responded to treatment. Percentage changes of FEV1, FVC, FEF25-75%, and FEV1/FVC in non-obese versus obese/overweight patients were: 79.57 ± 55.14 % vs. 62.13 ± 41.72%, P = 0.005; 47.71 ± 33.76% vs. 39.93 ± 28.30%, P = 0.036; 151.98 ± 127.82% vs. 123 ± 91.12%, P = 0.041; 20.54 ± 15.63% vs. 15.63 ± 11.32%, P = 0.005; respectively. Percentage changes of spirometric values to treatment in over weight/obese asthmatic patient were lesser in compared with non-obese subjects. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4679 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4679/4324

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 52 3 2014 03 15 197 200 EN Hayedeh Haeri Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Omid Mardani Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Fahimeh Asadi-Amoli Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Reza Shahsiah Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AND Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran Iran. 2015 10 11 Human papillomavirus (HPV) has also been suggested as an etiology of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of HPV infection in esophageal SCCs in our region with strict contamination control to prevent false positive results. Thirty cases of esophageal squamous cell carcinomas were chosen by simple random selection in a period of two years. PCR for target sequence of HPV L1 gene was performed on nucleic acid extracted from samples by means of GP5+/GP6+ primers. All tissue samples in both case and control groups were negative for HPV-DNA. Although the number of cases in this study was limited, the contribution of HPV in the substantial number of esophageal SCCs in our region is unlikely. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4677 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4677/4326

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 52 3 2014 03 15 201 205 EN Laleh Vahedi Larijani Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Maryam Ghasemi Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Saeid AbedianKenari Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Farshad Naghshvar Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. 2015 10 11 Most patients with gastrointestinal cancers refer to the health centers at advanced stages of the disease and conventional treatments are not significantly effective for these patients. Therefore, using modern therapeutic approaches with lower toxicity bring higher chance for successful treatment and reduced adverse effects in such patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of avocado fruit extracts on inhibition of the growth of cancer cells in comparison with normal cells. In an experimental study, ethanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and petroleum extracts of avocado (Persea americana) fruit were prepared. Then, the effects if the extracts on the growth of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and colon adenocarcinoma cell lines were evaluated in comparison with the control group using the MTT test in the cell culture medium. Effects of the four extracts of avocado fruit on three cells lines of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and colon adenocarcinoma were tested. The results showed that avocado fruit extract is effective in inhibition of cancer cell growth in comparison with normal cells (P<0.05). Avocado fruit is rich in phytochemicals, which play an important role in inhibition of growth of cancer cells. The current study for the first time demonstrates the anti-cancer effect of avocado fruit extracts on two cancers common in Iran. Therefore, it is suggested that the fruit extracts can be considered as appropriate complementary treatments in treatment of esophageal and colon cancers. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4675 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4675/4327

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 52 3 2014 03 15 206 209 EN Seyed Mostafa Shiryazdi Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran. Saeed Kargar Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran. Mohammad Afkhami-Ardekani Yazd Diabetes Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Hossein Neamatzadeh Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran. 2015 10 11 The main objective of this study was to identify the incidence of post-thyroidectomy hypocalcemia in patients underwent lobectomy, subtotal thyroidectomy or total thyroidectomy. This randomized trial study was performed from May 2010 to July 2011 among 108 consecutive patients undergoing thyroidectomy. Patients were allocated into 3 groups based on the 3 common type of thyroidectomy. Pre and postoperative serum calcium levels were determined by using standard protocol for all patients. All patients' preoperative serum calcium levels were normal. Post-thyroidectomy hypoglycemia occurred in 0%, 8.3% and 8.3% of patients who underwent total hypocalcemia, subtotal thyroidectomy and lobectomy, respectively, which represents 5.6% of all patients who shown hypocalcemia (P=0.58). Serum calcium levels were fall in 93% patients, however within several days were returned to normal ranges. We did not find a significant relation between the hypocalcemia and thyroidectomy types. We recommended determination other alternative factors as a more effective prediction for postoperatiMedica Iranica 0044-6025 51 9 2013 09 15 633 637 EN Ghazaleh Eslamian Student Research Committee, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Kevan Jacobson Divisions of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Institute for Children's and Women's Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Azita Hekmatdoost Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 Despite the increased emphasis on chronic non-communicable diseases, there are notable deficits about nutrition education in many medicine training programs particularly gastroenterology fellowship programs. In the present cross-sectional study, we examined the nutritional knowledge related to clinical nutrition among Iranian gastroenterology fellows. Thirty-six gastroenterology fellows currently enrolled in a gastroenterology fellowship program completed a questionnaire, including two sections. The first of which assessed the gastroenterology fellows experience about nutrition training, nutrition management of patients with gastrointestinal (GI) disorders and evaluating perceived nutrition education needs. The second section consisted of multiple choice questions that assessed nutritional knowledge. A total of 32 gastroenterology fellows completed the first section. The majority of gastroenterology fellows failed to partake in any nutrition education during their fellowship training particularly for inpatients despite the availability to participate in the nutrition training especially for the purpose of nutrition support. Mean correct response rates for the second section was 38%. The highest mean score was seen in nutrition assessment (48.1%), followed by scores of 40.5% in nutrition support, 37.0% nutrition in GI disease, and 25.0% in micro and macronutrients. Iranian gastroenterology fellows have serious deficits in their nutrition knowledge. This study paves the way for the development of an education program to improve nutritional knowledge of gastroenterology fellows. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4362 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4362/4373

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 51 9 2013 09 15 638 641 EN Mehrdad Hasibi Department of Infectious Diseases, Amir Alam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Nasrin Yazdani Otorhinolaryngology Research Center, Amir Alam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Marjan Asadollahi Department of Neurology, Loghman Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Sharafi Department of Infectious Diseases, Amir Alam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Seyed Ali Dehghan Manshadi Department of Infectious Diseases, Amir Alam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 Tuberculosis is a major health problem in Iran and its laryngeal involvement is not uncommon. Laryngeal tuberculosis is so infectious and delay in diagnosis and treatment could result spread of disease and causes divesting complications. We reviewed clinical and para-clinical characteristics of patients with laryngeal tuberculosis in Iran. In a cross sectional study, patients with laryngeal tuberculosis were studied and followed. All patients admitted from May 2000 to Dec 2011 in Amir-Alam hospital, a referral center for laryngeal diseases in Tehran. We studied 19 cases of laryngeal tuberculosis with typical histopathology (chronic granulomatous inflammation with caseous necrosis and langhans-type giant cells) and 6 cases of laryngeal tuberculosis with atypical histopathology (chronic granulomatous inflammation or chronic inflammation without necrosis). They had laryngeal symptoms and signs from 2 to 12 months before definitive diagnosis. Macroscopic appearances of laryngeal lesions were exophytic in 11 cases and ulcerative in 14 cases. True vocal cords were involved in 22 cases. The primary clinical diagnosis was malignancy in 17 cases, tuberculosis in 5 cases, and nonspecific inflammation in 3 cases. The chest x-ray findings were compatible with tuberculosis in 14 patients. The response to anti-tuberculosis therapy was desirable in all patients. In endemic area, tuberculosis should be considered as an important diagnosis in patients with laryngeal lesions even when histopathology of laryngeal lesions is not typical. Association with pulmonary tuberculosis helps for diagnosis. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4361 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4361/4377

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 51 9 2013 09 15 642 651 EN Mostafa Hosseini Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mahmoud Yousefifard Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Shervin Taslimi Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research,m Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Hamid Sohanaki Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Keramat Nourijelyani Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Fereshteh Asgari Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran. Koorosh Etemad Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran. Jalil Koohpayehzadeh Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran. AND Department of Community Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Hamid Heidarian Miri Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran. Ali Rafei Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Mehdi Gouya Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran. Kazem Mohammad Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 Trends in cholesterol level of different populations have been investigated in several studies. This study is conducted to determine the trend of cholesterol level of Iranian adults from 1990 to 2007. Data on cholesterol measurements of four national health surveys that have been carried out in Iran used in this study. Cholesterol level of 12728 adults aged 25-64 were measured in 1990-1 survey. Also in 1999, 2005, and 2007 surveys, blood cholesterol level of 18398, 52344 and 19630 have been sampled, respectively. The median of cholesterol were modeled with age for men and women separately for the four surveys using fractional polynomials. Then, trends in the median of cholesterol across these four surveys were studied. The analysis of cholesterol data over four national health surveys showed that the change in males' cholesterol level had a decreasing trend. This decreasing trend was more pronounced in ages younger than 45 years. However, the medians of cholesterol of females during 16 years of four national surveys had a varying trend. It was decreasing in ages younger than 45; but increasing in ages over 45 years. The median of the cholesterol level of males and females in 2005 survey was on average about 10 mg/dl higher in comparison with the other surveys. Our findings showed that the pattern of trend in cholesterol level of Iranian men and women adults have a considerable difference with those of the other developing and developed countries. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4360 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4360/4381

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 51 9 2013 09 15 652 654 EN Fereshteh Fakor Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Gynecology and Oncology, Alzahra Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. Hadi Hajizadeh Falah Department of Pathology, Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. Sina Khajeh Jahromi Student Research Committee, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. 2015 10 11 Endometrial cancer generally carries a good prognosis. Endometrial carcinoma more frequently metastasizes to the pelvic and para-aortic nodes. Visceral metastases usually occur in the vagina and ovaries. Distant metastases involve lungs and occur as a terminal event. This case report describes vulvalar metastasis of endometrial cancer to the clitoris. Metastatic tumors of the vulva are rare. Moreover, in the presence of metastatic endometrial carcinoma to the vulva, it is necessary to verify if other visceral metastases are present. Endometrial cancer can extend through direct dermatogens and lymphatic spread. We report a clitoral metastasis of an endometrial carcinoma and discuss whether the possible mechanism is vascular spreading or direct seeding. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4359 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4359/4386

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 51 9 2013 09 15 655 656 EN Fatemeh Farahmand Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Khadije Soleimani Department of Cardiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran. Mojtaba Hashemi Department of Cardiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran. Arezoo Shafieyoun Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Nima Rezaei Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AND Molecular Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Azizollah Yousefi Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 Congenital hepatic fibrosis (CHF) is a developmental disorder of the biliary system, characterized by defective remodeling of the ductal plate. Herein a family of three children, from consanguineous parents, with minor thalassemia is presented who suffered from congenital hepatic fibrosis (CHF). Prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment are necessary to avoid further complications in the affected patients. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4358 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4358/4392

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 51 9 2013 09 15 657 660 EN Umi Kalthum Md Noh Department of Ophthalomology, University Kebangsaan, Malaysia. Amin Ahem Department of Ophthalomology, University Kebangsaan, Malaysia. Mushawiahti Mustapha Department of Ophthalomology, University Kebangsaan, Malaysia. 2015 10 11 Uncontrolled hypertension is well- known to give rise to systemic complications involving multiple central organs. Artherosclerosis leads to damage of the retinal vessels wall, contributing to venous stasis, thrombosis and finally, occlusion. Retinal vein occlusions compromise vision through development of ischaemic maculopathy, macular oedema, and rubeotic glaucoma. Laser photocoagulation remains the d