Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 53 5 2015 05 15 257 265 EN Seyed Kazem Malakouti Department of Psychiatry, Mental Health Research Centre, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Farnoush Davoudi Mental Health Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Saeed Khalid World Health Organization, Regional office for the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Mental Health and Substance Abuse Unit, Regional Advisor, Washington, DC, United States of America. Masoud Ahmadzad Asl Mental Health Research Centre, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Murad Moosa Khan Department of Psychiatry, Aga Khan University, Pakistan. Narges Alirezaei Mental Health Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Arash Mirabzadeh Department of Psychiatry, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Diego DeLeo Department of Psychiatry, Australian institute for Suicide Research and Prevention,National Centre of Excellence in Suicide prevention, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia. 2015 10 11 This systematic review aimed to help better to understand the epidemiology of suicidal behaviors among Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) countries. The PubMed, EMR medex, Scopus, PsychInfo, ISI, and IMEMR were searched with no language limitation for papers on the epidemiology of suicidal behaviors in the general population, published up to August 2013. A total of 13 articles were reviewed. The incidence (per 100.000) of committed suicide ranged from 0.55 to 5.4. The lifelong prevalence of attempted suicide, suicidal plan and thoughts were 0.72-4.2%, 6.2-6.7%, and 2.9-14.1%, respectively. The figures for suicide are higher than those officially reported. Suicide behaviors' statistics is susceptible to underestimation presumably due to the socio-cultural, religious and legal barriers, not to mention the lack of well-organized registries and methodologically sound community-based surveys. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4895 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4895/4451

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 53 5 2015 05 15 266 269 EN Mohammad Hasan Namazi Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research center, Shahid Beheshti Univercity of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Morteza Safi Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research center, Shahid Beheshti Univercity of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Hosein Vakili Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research center, Shahid Beheshti Univercity of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Habibollah Saadat Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research center, Shahid Beheshti Univercity of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Saeed Alipour Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research center, Shahid Beheshti Univercity of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Abdulkarim Alhuthaifi Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Shamseddin Pedari Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Amin Abbasi Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 2015 10 11 Myocardial fractional flow reserve (FFR) is a new index of the functional significance of intermediate coronary stenoses that is calculated from pressure measurements made during coronary arteriography. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between non-hyperemic coronary pressure dicrotic notch and fractional flow reserve (FFR). A consecutive of 114 patients (73 men and 41 women) was enrolled in this study. Data were shown as means ± SD. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS software. The statistical significance of differences was determined by chi-square analysis with Yates correction. Significance was defined as P< 0.05. Positive dicrortic notch was observed in 97 patients (85%). Significant association was detected between coronary pressure notch (dicrotic notch), and FFR as loss of the dicrotic notch was detected in 93.8% (15/16) of patients with FFR less than 0.75 (P=0.001). Upon ROC curve, a cutoff FFR value of approximately 0.75 demonstrated sensivity and specifity of 93.8% and 98%, respectively for loss of the dicrotic notch. The positive predictive value for loss of the dicrotic notch was 88.2%. Our study demonstrated loss of non-hyperemic coronary pressure diacrotic notch correlates significantly with FFR and may predict an FFR < 0.75 with high accuracy. In patients with functionally significant coronary stenosis, loss of non-hyperemic diacrotic notch appears to be a useful index of the functional severity of the stenoses and the need for coronary revascularization. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4894 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4894/4454

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 53 5 2015 05 15 270 275 EN Mohammad Arbabi Department of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran. Naista Zhand Department of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran. Sana Eybpoosh Department of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran. Narges Yazdi Department of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran. Sahar Ansari Department of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran. Marjan Ramezani Department of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 The aim of the study was to find whether there is an association between subjective memory complaint and memory impairment and probable underlying psychological conditions. A total of 90 patients with subjective memory complaint enrolled in this study. Short history and demographic information were obtained and then the patients underwent memory and mental health assessments, using Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) test tools. The mean age of the participants was 52.31 ± 17.97. Forty patients out of 90 (44.4%) were male. The prevalence of depression, anxiety and memory impairment was 10%, 12.2%, and 28.8%, respectively. Memory impairment has only shown a significant association with the presence of anxiety disorder according to the HADS findings (P=0.001). Regarding the MMPI, considerable differences were observed in the average grade of hysteria among patients with and without memory impairment: 8.38 ± 2.27 vs. 4.35 ± 1.96. There was also significant statistical association between the average score of depression on the MMPI in patients with and without memory impairment that were 13.7 ± 3.33 and 8.31 ±3.86, (P=0.03). The result of the current study shows that underlying psychological conditions such as anxiety, depression, and histrionic personality are associated with memory impairment. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4893 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4893/4459

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 53 5 2015 05 15 276 280 EN MohammadKazem Bakhshandeh Bali Bahrami Children Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ali Akbar Rahbarimanesh Bahrami Children Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Manelie Sadeghi Department of Community Medicine, Research Development Center of Bahrami Children Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mostafa Sedighi Department of Pediatrics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. Parvaneh Karimzadeh Department of Pediatric Neurology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Ghofrani Department of Pediatric Neurology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 Migraine involves 5-10% of children and adolescents. Thirty percent of children with severe migraine attacks have school absence and reduced quality of life that need preventive therapy. The purpose of this randomised control trial study is to compare the effectiveness, safety and the tolerability of pregabalin toward Propranolol in migraine prophylaxis of children. From May 2011 to October 2012, 99 children 3-15 years referred to the neurology clinic of Mofid Children's Hospital with a diagnosis of migraine enrolled the study. Patients randomly divided into two groups (A&B). We treated children of group A with capsule of pregabalin as children of group B with tablet of propranolol for at least 8 weeks. In this study, 99 patients were examined that 91 children reached the last stage. The group A consistsed of 46 patients, 12(26.1%) girls, 34 (73.9%) boys and the group B consisted of 45 patients, 14(31.1%) girls, 31 (68.9%) boys. Basis of age, gender, headache onset, headache frequency, migraine type, triggering and relieving factors there was no significant difference among these groups (P>0.05). After 4 and 8 weeks of Pregabalin usage monthly headache frequency decreased to 2.2±4.5 and 1.76±6.2 respectively. Propranolol reduced monthly headache frequency up to 3.73±6.11 and 3.34±5.95 later 4 and 8 weeks respectively. There was a significant difference between these two groups according to headache frequency reduction (P=0.04). Pregabalin efficacy in reducing the frequency and duration of pediatric migraine headache is considerable in comparison with propranolol. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4892 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4892/4465

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 53 5 2015 05 15 281 286 EN Amrollah Roozbehi Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran. Mohammad Taghi Joghataei Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mehrdad Bakhtiyari Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Jamshid Mohammadi Department of Physiology, Herbal Medicine Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran. Parastou Rad Department of Midwifery, School of Midwifery, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran. Hamdollah Delaviz Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran. 2015 10 11 This study was conducted to evaluate the association between aging and regenerative potential of spinal cord injury. Three groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats, including young (40 days), mature (5-6 months) and old (28-29 months) were spinally hemisected at the L1 level. The locomotor performance was assessed weekly for eight weeks after lesion using locomotors' rating scale developed by Basso, Bresnahan and Beattie (BBB). In the tracing study, retrograde labeled neuron was counted in the lateral vestibular nucleus for axonal regeneration. From 4-8 weeks, the functional recovery of the young and mature age rats was significantly increased in comparison to the old age group. At 8 weeks, young and mature animals achieved a plateau score of (mean ± SD), 17 ± 1.47 and 16.8 ± 0.70 respectively, and the old rats reached an average score of 13.8±1.63 (P<0.05). The mean number of labeled neurons in the vestibular nucleus in the young group (mean ± SD): 32.05 ± 1.03 increase significantly compared to the older age group 5.01 ± 1.31 (P<0.05). Current findings suggest that axonal repair and functional improvement decrease in aged animals after partial spinal cord injury. Thus, the aging process may affect the regenerative capacity of the injured central nervous system, and axonal regeneration is age dependent. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4891 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4891/4473

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 53 5 2015 05 15 287 292 EN Ramin Mehrdad Center for Research on Occupational Diseases, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Sara Aghdaei Center for Research on Occupational Diseases, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Gholamreza Pouryaghoub Center for Research on Occupational Diseases, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 Exposure to air pollutants, steel dust or other occupational and environmental hazards as oxidative stress have adverse effects on subway workers' health. Oxidative stress generates an excessive amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Oxygen Free Radicals during their work time in the tunnels. Once DNA is repaired, Urinary 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) is excreted in the urine. Therefore, urinary level of 8-OHdG can reflect the extent of oxidative DNA damage. The aim of this study was to document the oxidative stress caused by exposure to these hazards by measuring 8-OHdG in workers urine. We collected urine samples of 81 male subway workers after their working shift. The concentration of urinary 8-OHdG was measured by ELISA method. We used linear regression analysis to compare the level of urinary 8-OHdG as a biomarker of oxidative stress between workers in tunnels and other staff. The mean concentration of urinary 8-OHdG for workers in the tunnel was 58.05 (SD=28.83) ng/mg creatinine and for another staff was 54.16 (SD =26.98) ng/mg creatinine.  After adjustment for age, smoking, driving and a second job in a linear regression model, the concentration of 8-OHdG for the exposed group was significantly higher than unexposed group (P=0.038). These findings confirm that the concentration of urinary 8-OHdG for workers who work in tunnels was significantly higher than the other staff. Additional investigations should be performed to understand that which ones of occupational exposures are more important to cause oxidative stress. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4890 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4890/4478

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 53 5 2015 05 15 293 296 EN Mahmoud Jabalameli Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shafa Yahyaiyan Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Javad Moghimi Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ali Yeganeh Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Marzieh Nojomi Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 Normal axial alignment restoration in lower extremities is crucial for surgeons performing reconstructive surgeries. Since reference normal values of axial alignment are affected by age, sex, and ethical issues, we tried to scrutinize these parameters in Iranian adults and compare them with normal values in literatures. Through a cross-sectional design, standing axial alignment views of lower extremities were surveyed from 100 volunteers (50 males and 50 females) aged between 15-32 years. The lower extremities alignment variables were evaluated during two separate measurements. Total average values were used for comparison among genders. Tibiofemoral mechanical angle depicted mean varus of 1.5 degrees in an Iranian population that was significantly higher in male participants. The Mean angle between anatomical and mechanical axes of the femur was 5.7 ± 1.2º. The Knee joint was shown to be medially inclined 3.6 ± 1.7º in men comparing 2 ± 2º of women with a significant difference. Joint line congruence angle was medially inclined in all of the study participants with a mean of 1 ± 1.6º. To compare with anthropometric studies of western populations, Iranian participants had more varus lower limb alignment. It seemed mainly because of larger medially inclined knee joint (knee-joint obliquity). This finding along with more compensatory ankle valgus is similar to results of other Asian studies. Such racial variation should be considered in designing appropriate systems in reconstructive surgery. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4889 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4889/4480

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 53 5 2015 05 15 297 300 EN Gholamreza Pourmand Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Sanaz Dehghani Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohamad Reza Rahmati Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Abdolrasoul Mehrsai Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Shahram Gooran Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Farimah Alizadeh Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Siavash Khaki Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Seyede Hamideh Mortazavi Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Naghmeh Pourmand Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 Hypertension is a common complication of kidney transplantation with the prevalence of 80%. Studies in adults have shown a high prevalence of hypertension (HTN) in the first three months of transplantation while this rate is reduced to 50- 60% at the end of the first year. HTN remains as a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, lower graft survival rates and poor function of transplanted kidney in adults and children. In this retrospective study, medical records of 400 kidney transplantation patients of Sina Hospital were evaluated. Patients were followed monthly for the 1st year, every two months in the 2nd year and every three months after that. In this study 244 (61%) patients were male. Mean ± SD age of recipients was 39.3 ± 13.8 years. In most patients (40.8%) the cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) was unknown followed by HTN (26.3%). A total of 166 (41.5%) patients had been hypertensive before transplantation and 234 (58.5%) had normal blood pressure. Among these 234 individuals, 94 (40.2%) developed post-transplantation HTN. On the other hand, among 166 pre-transplant hypertensive patients, 86 patients (56.8%) remained hypertensive after transplantation. Totally 180 (45%) patients had post-transplantation HTN and 220 patients (55%) didn't develop HTN. Based on the findings, the incidence of post-transplantation hypertension is high, and kidney transplantation does not lead to remission of hypertension. On the other hand, hypertension is one of the main causes of ESRD. Thus, early screening of hypertension can prevent kidney damage and reduce further problems in renal transplant recipients. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4888 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4888/4486

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 53 5 2015 05 15 301 310 EN Giti Shams Department of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Irena Milosevic Department of Psychology, Concordia University Montreal, Montreal, Canada. 2015 10 11 Cognitive models of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) posit that specific kinds of dysfunctional beliefs underlie the development of this disorder. The aim of present study was to determine whether these beliefs are endorsed more strongly by OCD patients than by those with other anxiety disorders and by community samples. A battery of questionnaires, including the OBQ-44, MOCI, BDI-II, BAI, STAI, used to assess obsessive-compulsive symptoms, depression and anxiety in 39 OCD patients (OC), 46 anxious patients (AC) and 41 community controls (CC). Compared to CCs and ACs, OC patients more strongly endorsed beliefs related to importance and control of thoughts. Both OC and AC patients scored higher than CC participants did on belief domains about responsibility/threat estimation and perfectionism/certainty. Therefore, the domain that seems to be specific to OCD is a set of beliefs that revolves around the contention that it is possible and necessary to control one's thoughts. Results regarding group differences on particular items of the OBQ-44 indicated that 21 items discriminated between the OC and CC groups and 7 items discriminated between the OC and AC groups, suggesting that these items are more specific to the OC group. Additional research warranted because it is plausible that these cognitive factors relate differently to OCD phenomena across different cultures. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4887 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4887/4489

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 53 5 2015 05 15 311 316 EN Majid Motaghinejad Department of Pharmacology,School of Medicine,Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,Iran. Mohammad Yasan Bangash Department of Veterinary, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Ozra Motaghinejad Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 Relieving withdrawal and post-abstinence syndrome of alcoholism is one of the major strategies in the treatment of alcohol addicted patients. Diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, and topiramate are the approved medications that were used for this object. To assess the role of non-pharmacologic therapy in the management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome, we analyzed effects of forced exercise by treadmill on alcohol dependent mice as an animal model. A total of 60 adult male mice were divided into 5 groups, from which 4 groups became dependent to alcohol (2 g/kg/day) for 15 days. From day 16, treatment groups were treated by diazepam (0.5mg/kg), forced exercise, and diazepam (0.5 mg/kg) concurrent with forced exercise for two weeks; And the positive control group received same dose of alcohol (2 g/kg/day) for two weeks. The negative control group received normal saline for four weeks. Finally, on day 31, all animals were observed for withdrawal signs, and Alcohol Total Withdrawal Score (ATWS) was determined. Blood cortisol levels were measured in non-fasting situations as well. Present findings showed that ATWS significantly decrease in all treatment groups in comparison with positive control group (P<0.05 for groups received diazepam and treated by forced exercise and P<0.001 for group under treatment diazepam + forced exercise). Moreover, blood cortisol level significantly decreased in all treatment groups (P<0.001). This study suggested that forced exercise and physical activity can be useful as adjunct therapy in alcoholism and can ameliorate side effects and stress situation of withdrawal syndrome periods. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4886 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4886/4491

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 53 5 2015 05 15 317 319 EN Shahnaz Ghafoori Endocrinology and Metabolism Research center, Endocrinology and Metabolism clinical Sciences institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran Mahnaz Lankarani Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute,Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 Insulinoma in a patient with pre-existing diabetes is extremely rare. Only a small number of cases have been reported all over the world. We report a case of insulinoma in a patient with type 2 diabetes. A 63-year-old female was diagnosed to have diabetes mellitus six years ago, she was given metformin and sulphonylurea to control her glycemia, she had adequate glycemic control for many years, but thereafter, the patient has experienced hypoglycemia after cessation of the treatment since 8 months ago and was hospitalized for further examination, endogenous hypoglycemia was confirmed and the level of serum insulin and C-peptide were elevated. Endoscopic ultrasound showed a heterogeneous lesion in the head of the pancreas. Head pancreatectomy was done. In the postoperative period diabetes again developed and required oral agents for control. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4885 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4885/4493

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 53 5 2015 05 15 320 323 EN Ghodratollah Maddah Endoscopic and Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Abbas Abdollahi Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Hamed Golmohammadzadeh Endoscopic and Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Mohsen Abdollahi Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. 2015 10 11 Pancreatic diseases are known to be associated with complications such as pseudocyst and abscess. A pseudoaneurysm associated with pancreatitis may develop as well. The pseudoaneurysm may rupture into various parts of the gastrointestinal tract; the peritoneal cavity, or the retroperitoneum. We report two cases of Hemosuccus pancreaticus admitted to our center in the past five years. One case was associated with acute pancreatitis, and another case was associated with chronic pancreatitis. A pseudocyst was found in two cases. Both were successfully managed by emergency surgery. So, Hemosuccus pancreaticus is a rare cause of gastrointestinal bleeding with difficult diagnosis, and surgery is the effective treatment for the patient with severe bleeding. However in cases with no life-threatening bleeding angiography and embolization can be performed. https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4884 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4884/4496

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 53 5 2015 05 15 324 325 EN Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar Department of Neurosurgery, Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 No Abstract https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4883 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4883/4499

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Medica Iranica 0044-6025 53 5 2015 05 15 4882 4882 EN Farnoosh Golband Department of E-learning in Medical Education, Virtual School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Agha Fatemeh Hosseini Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Rita Mojtahedzadeh Department of E-learning in Medical Education, Virtual School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Fakhrossadat Mirhosseini Department of Anesthesia, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. AND Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Shoaleh Bigdeli Center for Educational Research in Medical Sciences (CERMS), Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 11 No Abstract https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/4882 https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/download/4882/4745