Quantitative Electroencephalography in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
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Abstract
The goal of this study is to compare the brain connectivity patterns of autistic patients with those of children who are developing normally and analyzing quantitative electroencephalography in children with autism. The study included 50 children who were developing normally and 60 preschoolers who met the DSM-V criteria for autism spectrum disorder. Routine and quantitative electroencephalography were carried out on each subject, as well as a Childhood Autism Rating Scale. The electroencephalograms of 76.67% of autistic children were normal; 6.67% showed focal changes, and 16.67% showed generalized changes. While the alpha power in the central and temporal areas is significantly lower in autistic children, it is unchanged in the frontal and parieto-occipital regions. Children with autism have significantly higher absolute delta and theta band activity both globally and locally. It was shown that the total and regional absolute delta and theta power activity had a significant positive correlation with the disease severity score. Quantitative electroencephalography is a more effective tool for assessing and diagnosing children with autism spectrum disorder because it shows abnormalities in all autistic children. A correlation exists between the quantitative electroencephalography data and the disease severity score.
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2. Loomes R, Hull L, Mandy WPL. What is the male-to-female ratio in autism spectrum disorder? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017;56:466-74.
3. Yenkoyan K, Grigoryan A, Fereshetyan K, Yepremyan D. Advances in understanding the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders. Behav Brain Res 2017;331:92-101.
4. Marlow M, Servili C, Tomlinson M. A review of screening tools for the identification of autism spectrum disorders and developmental delay in infants and young children: recommendations for use in low- and middle-income countries. Autism Res 2019;12:176-99.
5. Beniczky S, Schomer DL. Electroencephalography: basic biophysical and technological aspects important for clinical applications. Epileptic Disord 2020;22:697-715.
6. Boutros NN, Lajiness-O’Neill R, Zillgitt A, Richard AE, Bowyer SM. EEG changes associated with autistic spectrum disorders. Neuropsychiat Electrophysiol 2015;1:3.
7. Dimitrov PD, Petrov P, Aleksandrov I, Dimitrov I, Mihailova M, Radkova G, et al. Quantitative EEG comparative analysis between Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). J IMAB 2017;23:1441-3.
8. Hong JK, Park HY, Yoon IY, Jang YE. Longitudinal qEEG changes correlate with clinical outcomes in patients with somatic symptom disorder. J Psychosom Res 2021;151:110637.
9. Livint Popa L, Dragos H, Pantelemon C, Verisezan Rosu O, Strilciuc S. The Role of Quantitative EEG in the Diagnosis of Neuropsychiatric Disorders. J Med Life 2020;13:8-15.
10. Chlebowski C, Green JA, Barton ML, Fein D. Using the childhood autism rating scale to diagnose autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 2010;40:787-99.
11. Moulton E, Bradbury K, Barton M, Fein D. Factor Analysis of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale in a Sample of Two Year Olds with an Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2019;49:2733-746.
12. Song C, Jeon S, Lee S, Ha HG, Kim J, Hong J. Augmented reality-based electrode guidance system for reliable electroencephalography. Biomed Eng Online 2018;17:64.
13. Fernandes M, Machado de Oliveira W, Santos M, Gomez RS. Sedation for electroencephalography with dexmedetomidine or chloral hydrate: A comparative study on the qualitative and quantitative electroencephalogram pattern. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2015;27:21-5.
14. Fauzan N, Amran NH. Brain waves and connectivity of autism spectrum disorders. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 2015;171:882-90.
15. Luccas FJC, Bártolo Th, Silva NL, Cavenaghi B. Clinical electroencephalogram (EEG) evaluation is improved by the amplitude asymmetry index. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2016;74:536-43.
16. Simkin DR, Thatcher RW, Lubar J. Quantitative EEG and Neurofeedback in children and adolescents anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, comorbid addiction and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and brain injury. Child Adolesc Psychiatric Clin N Am 2014;23:427-64.
17. McWilliams A, Reilly C, Gupta J, Hadji-Michael M, Srinivasan R, Heyman I. Autism spectrum disorder in children and young people with non-epileptic seizures. Seizure 2019;73:51-5.
18. Al-Beltagi M. Autism medical comorbidities. World J Clin Pediatr 2021;10:15-28.
19. Jokiranta-Olkoniemi E, Sourander A, Suominen A, Timonen-Soivio L, Brown AS, Sillanpää M. Epilepsy among children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: A population-based study. J Autism Develop Disor 2014;44:2547-57.
20. Yousef AM, Youssef UM, El-Shabrawy A, Abdel Fattah NR, Khedr H, Khedr H. EEG abnormalities and severity of symptoms in non-epileptic autistic children. Egyp J Psychiatry 2017;38:59-64.
21. Samra NM, Ghaffar HMA, El-Awady HA, Soltan MR, Moktader RMA. Epilepsy and EEG findings in children with autism spectrum disorders. Autism Open Access 2017;7:211.
22. Pacheva I, Ivanov I, Yordanova R, Gaberova K, Galabova F, Panova M, et al. Epilepsy in children with autistic spectrum disorder. Children (Basil) 2019;6:15.
23. Fiest KM, Sauro KM, Wiebe S, Patten SB, Kwon CS, Dykeman J, et al. Prevalence and incidence of epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of international studies. Neurology 2017;88:296-303.
24. Liu X, Sun X, Sun C, Zou M, Chen Y, Huang J, et al. Prevalence of epilepsy in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Autism 2022;26:33-50.
25. Precenzano F, Parisi L, Lanzara V, Vetri L, Operto FF, Pastorino GMG, et al. Electroencephalographic abnormalities in autism spectrum disorder: characteristics and therapeutic implications. Medicina (Kaunas) 2020;56:419.
26. Akhter S. Epilepsy: A common comorbidity in ASD. In: Fitzgerald M; ed.Autism Spectrum Disorder. Chapt 2. Rijeka, IntechOpen; 2021.
27. Donovan AP, Basson MA. The neuroanatomy of autism—A developmental perspective. J Anat 2017;230:4-15.
28. Sundelin HE, Larsson H, Lichtenstein P, Almqvist C, Hultman CM, Tomson T, et al. Autism and epilepsy: A population-based nationwide cohort study. Neurology 2016;87:192-7.
29. Ewen JB, Marvin AR, Law K, Lipkin PH. Epilepsy and autism severity: A study of 6,975 children. Autism Res 2019;12:1251-9.
30. Elkholy N, Ezedin A, Hamdy M, El Wafa H. Electroencephalographic pattern among autistic children and their relatives. Egyp J Psychiatry 2015;36:150-7.
31. Zhang A, Li J, Zhang Y, Jin X, Ma J. Epilepsy and autism spectrum disorder: An epidemiological study in Shanghai, China. Front Psychiatry 2019;10:658.
32. Newson JJ, Thiagarajan TC. EEG Frequency Bands in Psychiatric Disorders: A Review of Resting State Studies. Front Hum Neurosci 2019;12:521.
33. Elhabashy H, Raafat O, Afifi L, Raafat H, Abdullah K. Quantitative EEG in autistic children. Egyp J Neurol Psychiatr Neurosurg 2015;52:176-82.
34. Ha S, Sohn IJ, Kim N, Sim HJ, Cheon KA. Characteristics of Brains in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Structure, Function and Connectivity across the Lifespan. Exp Neurobiol 2015;24:273-84.
35. Torun YT, Güney E, Iseri E. Structural and Functional Brain Imaging in Autism Spectrum Disorders [Internet]. Autism Spectrum Disorder - Recent Advances. InTech; 2015.
36. Guo J, Luo X, Li B, Chang Q, Sun L, Song Y. Abnormal modulation of theta oscillations in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuroimage Clin 2020;27:102314.
37. Güntekin B, Başar E. Review of evoked and event-related delta responses in the human brain. Int J Psychophysiol 2016;103:43-52.
38. Larrain-Valenzuela J, Zamorano F, Soto-Icaza P, Carrasco X, Herrera C, Daiber F, et al. Theta and Alpha Oscillation Impairments in Autistic Spectrum Disorder Reflect Working Memory Deficit. Sci Rep 2017;7:14328.
39. Kawasaki M, Kitajo K, Fukao K, Murai T, Yamaguchi Y, Funabiki Y. Frontal theta activation during motor synchronization in autism. Sci Rep 2017;7:15034.
40. Lushchekina E, Podreznaya E, Lushchekin V, Novototskii-Vlasov V, Strelets V. Comparative studies of EEG theta and gamma rhythms in normal children and children with early childhood autism. Neurosci Behav Physiol 2014;44:902-8.
41. Oberman LM, Ramachandran VS. The role of the mirror neuron system in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder. In: Ferrari PF and Rizzolatti G, eds. New Frontiers in Mirror Neurons Research. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015;380-96.
42. Edgar JC, Heiken K, Chen YH, Herrington JD, Chow V, Liu S, et al. Resting-state alpha in autism spectrum disorder and alpha associations with thalamic volume. J Autism Dev Disord 2015;45:795-804.
43. Burnette CP, Henderson HA, Inge AP, Zahka NE, Schwartz CB, Mundy PC. Anterior EEG asymmetry and the modifier model of autism. J Autism Develop Disord 2011;41:1113-24.
44. Keehn B, Westerfield M, Müller RA, Townsend J. Autism, attention, and alpha oscillations: An electrophysiological study of attentional capture. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2017;2:528-36.
45. Ronconi L, Vitale A, Federici A, Pini E, Molteni M, Casartelli L. Altered neural oscillations and connectivity in the beta band underlie detail-oriented visual processing in autism. Neuroimage Clin 2020;28:102484.
46. Lefebvre A, Delorme R, Delanoë C, Amsellem F, Beggiato A, Germanaud D, et al. Alpha waves as a neuromarker of autism spectrum disorder: The challenge of reproducibility and heterogeneity. Front Neurosci 2018;12:662.
47. Kayarian FB, Jannati A, Rotenberg A, Santarnecchi E. Targeting Gamma-Related Pathophysiology in Autism Spectrum Disorder Using Transcranial Electrical Stimulation: Opportunities and Challenges. Autism Res 2020;13:1051-71.
48. Bosl WJ, Tager-Flusberg H. Nelson CA. EEG analytics for early detection of autism spectrum disorder: A data-driven approach. Sci Repor 2018;8:6828
49. Huberty S, Carter Leno V, van Noordt SJR, Bedford R, Pickles A, Desjardins JA, et al. Association between spectral electroencephalography power and autism risk and diagnosis in early development. Autism Res 2021;14:1390-1403.
2. Loomes R, Hull L, Mandy WPL. What is the male-to-female ratio in autism spectrum disorder? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017;56:466-74.
3. Yenkoyan K, Grigoryan A, Fereshetyan K, Yepremyan D. Advances in understanding the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders. Behav Brain Res 2017;331:92-101.
4. Marlow M, Servili C, Tomlinson M. A review of screening tools for the identification of autism spectrum disorders and developmental delay in infants and young children: recommendations for use in low- and middle-income countries. Autism Res 2019;12:176-99.
5. Beniczky S, Schomer DL. Electroencephalography: basic biophysical and technological aspects important for clinical applications. Epileptic Disord 2020;22:697-715.
6. Boutros NN, Lajiness-O’Neill R, Zillgitt A, Richard AE, Bowyer SM. EEG changes associated with autistic spectrum disorders. Neuropsychiat Electrophysiol 2015;1:3.
7. Dimitrov PD, Petrov P, Aleksandrov I, Dimitrov I, Mihailova M, Radkova G, et al. Quantitative EEG comparative analysis between Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). J IMAB 2017;23:1441-3.
8. Hong JK, Park HY, Yoon IY, Jang YE. Longitudinal qEEG changes correlate with clinical outcomes in patients with somatic symptom disorder. J Psychosom Res 2021;151:110637.
9. Livint Popa L, Dragos H, Pantelemon C, Verisezan Rosu O, Strilciuc S. The Role of Quantitative EEG in the Diagnosis of Neuropsychiatric Disorders. J Med Life 2020;13:8-15.
10. Chlebowski C, Green JA, Barton ML, Fein D. Using the childhood autism rating scale to diagnose autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 2010;40:787-99.
11. Moulton E, Bradbury K, Barton M, Fein D. Factor Analysis of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale in a Sample of Two Year Olds with an Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2019;49:2733-746.
12. Song C, Jeon S, Lee S, Ha HG, Kim J, Hong J. Augmented reality-based electrode guidance system for reliable electroencephalography. Biomed Eng Online 2018;17:64.
13. Fernandes M, Machado de Oliveira W, Santos M, Gomez RS. Sedation for electroencephalography with dexmedetomidine or chloral hydrate: A comparative study on the qualitative and quantitative electroencephalogram pattern. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2015;27:21-5.
14. Fauzan N, Amran NH. Brain waves and connectivity of autism spectrum disorders. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 2015;171:882-90.
15. Luccas FJC, Bártolo Th, Silva NL, Cavenaghi B. Clinical electroencephalogram (EEG) evaluation is improved by the amplitude asymmetry index. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2016;74:536-43.
16. Simkin DR, Thatcher RW, Lubar J. Quantitative EEG and Neurofeedback in children and adolescents anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, comorbid addiction and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and brain injury. Child Adolesc Psychiatric Clin N Am 2014;23:427-64.
17. McWilliams A, Reilly C, Gupta J, Hadji-Michael M, Srinivasan R, Heyman I. Autism spectrum disorder in children and young people with non-epileptic seizures. Seizure 2019;73:51-5.
18. Al-Beltagi M. Autism medical comorbidities. World J Clin Pediatr 2021;10:15-28.
19. Jokiranta-Olkoniemi E, Sourander A, Suominen A, Timonen-Soivio L, Brown AS, Sillanpää M. Epilepsy among children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: A population-based study. J Autism Develop Disor 2014;44:2547-57.
20. Yousef AM, Youssef UM, El-Shabrawy A, Abdel Fattah NR, Khedr H, Khedr H. EEG abnormalities and severity of symptoms in non-epileptic autistic children. Egyp J Psychiatry 2017;38:59-64.
21. Samra NM, Ghaffar HMA, El-Awady HA, Soltan MR, Moktader RMA. Epilepsy and EEG findings in children with autism spectrum disorders. Autism Open Access 2017;7:211.
22. Pacheva I, Ivanov I, Yordanova R, Gaberova K, Galabova F, Panova M, et al. Epilepsy in children with autistic spectrum disorder. Children (Basil) 2019;6:15.
23. Fiest KM, Sauro KM, Wiebe S, Patten SB, Kwon CS, Dykeman J, et al. Prevalence and incidence of epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of international studies. Neurology 2017;88:296-303.
24. Liu X, Sun X, Sun C, Zou M, Chen Y, Huang J, et al. Prevalence of epilepsy in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Autism 2022;26:33-50.
25. Precenzano F, Parisi L, Lanzara V, Vetri L, Operto FF, Pastorino GMG, et al. Electroencephalographic abnormalities in autism spectrum disorder: characteristics and therapeutic implications. Medicina (Kaunas) 2020;56:419.
26. Akhter S. Epilepsy: A common comorbidity in ASD. In: Fitzgerald M; ed.Autism Spectrum Disorder. Chapt 2. Rijeka, IntechOpen; 2021.
27. Donovan AP, Basson MA. The neuroanatomy of autism—A developmental perspective. J Anat 2017;230:4-15.
28. Sundelin HE, Larsson H, Lichtenstein P, Almqvist C, Hultman CM, Tomson T, et al. Autism and epilepsy: A population-based nationwide cohort study. Neurology 2016;87:192-7.
29. Ewen JB, Marvin AR, Law K, Lipkin PH. Epilepsy and autism severity: A study of 6,975 children. Autism Res 2019;12:1251-9.
30. Elkholy N, Ezedin A, Hamdy M, El Wafa H. Electroencephalographic pattern among autistic children and their relatives. Egyp J Psychiatry 2015;36:150-7.
31. Zhang A, Li J, Zhang Y, Jin X, Ma J. Epilepsy and autism spectrum disorder: An epidemiological study in Shanghai, China. Front Psychiatry 2019;10:658.
32. Newson JJ, Thiagarajan TC. EEG Frequency Bands in Psychiatric Disorders: A Review of Resting State Studies. Front Hum Neurosci 2019;12:521.
33. Elhabashy H, Raafat O, Afifi L, Raafat H, Abdullah K. Quantitative EEG in autistic children. Egyp J Neurol Psychiatr Neurosurg 2015;52:176-82.
34. Ha S, Sohn IJ, Kim N, Sim HJ, Cheon KA. Characteristics of Brains in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Structure, Function and Connectivity across the Lifespan. Exp Neurobiol 2015;24:273-84.
35. Torun YT, Güney E, Iseri E. Structural and Functional Brain Imaging in Autism Spectrum Disorders [Internet]. Autism Spectrum Disorder - Recent Advances. InTech; 2015.
36. Guo J, Luo X, Li B, Chang Q, Sun L, Song Y. Abnormal modulation of theta oscillations in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuroimage Clin 2020;27:102314.
37. Güntekin B, Başar E. Review of evoked and event-related delta responses in the human brain. Int J Psychophysiol 2016;103:43-52.
38. Larrain-Valenzuela J, Zamorano F, Soto-Icaza P, Carrasco X, Herrera C, Daiber F, et al. Theta and Alpha Oscillation Impairments in Autistic Spectrum Disorder Reflect Working Memory Deficit. Sci Rep 2017;7:14328.
39. Kawasaki M, Kitajo K, Fukao K, Murai T, Yamaguchi Y, Funabiki Y. Frontal theta activation during motor synchronization in autism. Sci Rep 2017;7:15034.
40. Lushchekina E, Podreznaya E, Lushchekin V, Novototskii-Vlasov V, Strelets V. Comparative studies of EEG theta and gamma rhythms in normal children and children with early childhood autism. Neurosci Behav Physiol 2014;44:902-8.
41. Oberman LM, Ramachandran VS. The role of the mirror neuron system in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder. In: Ferrari PF and Rizzolatti G, eds. New Frontiers in Mirror Neurons Research. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015;380-96.
42. Edgar JC, Heiken K, Chen YH, Herrington JD, Chow V, Liu S, et al. Resting-state alpha in autism spectrum disorder and alpha associations with thalamic volume. J Autism Dev Disord 2015;45:795-804.
43. Burnette CP, Henderson HA, Inge AP, Zahka NE, Schwartz CB, Mundy PC. Anterior EEG asymmetry and the modifier model of autism. J Autism Develop Disord 2011;41:1113-24.
44. Keehn B, Westerfield M, Müller RA, Townsend J. Autism, attention, and alpha oscillations: An electrophysiological study of attentional capture. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2017;2:528-36.
45. Ronconi L, Vitale A, Federici A, Pini E, Molteni M, Casartelli L. Altered neural oscillations and connectivity in the beta band underlie detail-oriented visual processing in autism. Neuroimage Clin 2020;28:102484.
46. Lefebvre A, Delorme R, Delanoë C, Amsellem F, Beggiato A, Germanaud D, et al. Alpha waves as a neuromarker of autism spectrum disorder: The challenge of reproducibility and heterogeneity. Front Neurosci 2018;12:662.
47. Kayarian FB, Jannati A, Rotenberg A, Santarnecchi E. Targeting Gamma-Related Pathophysiology in Autism Spectrum Disorder Using Transcranial Electrical Stimulation: Opportunities and Challenges. Autism Res 2020;13:1051-71.
48. Bosl WJ, Tager-Flusberg H. Nelson CA. EEG analytics for early detection of autism spectrum disorder: A data-driven approach. Sci Repor 2018;8:6828
49. Huberty S, Carter Leno V, van Noordt SJR, Bedford R, Pickles A, Desjardins JA, et al. Association between spectral electroencephalography power and autism risk and diagnosis in early development. Autism Res 2021;14:1390-1403.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 61 No 8 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/acta.v61i8.14904 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Autism spectrum disorder Childhood autism rating scale Quantitative electroencephalography | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Jasim H, Hamdan F, Shareef H. Quantitative Electroencephalography in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders. Acta Med Iran. 2024;61(8):468-476.
