Since the first successful hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in 1968 for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), clinical studies have commenced. However, there is a high heterogeneity across studies. This is a review of studies evaluating the efficacy of SCT in SCID. There were 25 multi-center studies (MCSs) and 60 single-center studies (SCSs). Overall, MCSs provided a full range of survival rates (30-88.5%), though 80% of MCSs reported a survival rate of ≥60%. All MCSs, except one, that reported an overall survival of <60% were performed before the year 2000. Also, all MCSs that reported an overall survival rate of ≥80% were conducted in American/European centers. Totally, 85%, 60%, 31.67%, and 8.33% of SCSs reported a survival rate of ≥60%, 70%, 80%, and 90%, respectively. Asian studies reported the broadest range (16.6-86.67%) of survival rate compared to American (58.3-88%) and European studies (48.39-100%). Consistent with MCSs, SCSs with survival rates of <40% were conducted across Asian countries. The outcomes of SCT in SCID patients varies widely according to the center where the study is conducted, the sample size, the study period, age at SCT, race, lung or viral infection before SCT, active infection at the time of SCT, the protected environment used at SCT, early development of T-cell reconstitution after SCT, prophylaxis against GvHD, SCID phenotype and molecular diagnosis, conditioning regimen, and donor type. Therefore, future investigations are needed to discover the chief determinants of such a different survival rate in SCID patients who underwent SCT.

Invasive methods such as colonoscopy and tissue biopsy are used to diagnose and differentiate inflammatory bowel disease. In this study, we aimed to use the real-time PCR method to examine changes in SIRT1 and NF-κB gene abundance in IBD patients and healthy individuals and to distinguish IBD. This case-control study was conducted on 30 IBD patients and 30 healthy controls. SIRT1 and NF-κB levels in peripheral blood leukocytes of the samples were measured by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR. According to this study,  the expression of the SIRT1 gene in blood leukocytes of IBD patients was lower than that of the healthy group. Using the ROC curve, it was found that SIRT1 gene expression could distinguish IBD patients from healthy individuals with a sensitivity and specificity of 83% and 77%, respectively. According to the results of this study, the expression of the NF- kB gene in the blood white blood cells of IBD patients increased compared to the healthy group. According to the ROC curve, NF- kB gene expression can distinguish IBD patients from healthy individuals with a sensitivity and specificity of 86% and 72%, respectively. The results of this study, together with other methods, may help diagnose and analyze the disease in IBD patients.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic condition, characterized by the expression of antibody against self-antigens. Inflammatory cell of synovial tissues secreted numerous cytokines, include tumor necrosis factor alpha. Infliximab was designed to treat several autoimmune diseases. However, a considerable number of patients fail to respond appropriately. To investigate the relationship between trough infliximab serum levels and infliximab antibody with C-reactive protein (CRP), Rheumatoid factor (RF), and Anticyclic citrullinated peptide (ACCP) status. This study examined 83 rheumatoid arthritis patients on infliximab for 6 months duration. Sampling was collected in Rheumatology Unit at (Baghdad Teaching Hospital) from September 2021 to April 2022. Each patient had 3 mL of blood drawn. before the next dosage of medication. Anti-infliximab antibody, trough infliximab, and ACCP levels were measured using ELISA, while RF and CRP status were determined using an agglutination test. Ages of the patients ranged between 30-75 years old, (66 females and 17 males), and 44.6% of patients were smokers. In this study, 41 out of 83 patients were responder for infliximab therapy. The seropositivity of anti-drug antibodies was 50% in non-responder and 48.80% in responder patients. In contrast, the infliximab trough level classification as low and high in responder and non-responder patients was high in 56.1 %, and 40.5% of patients respectively. The difference between the two groups was statistically non-significant P=0.114. In addition, 74 patients tested positive for anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide. (89.2%), abnormal CRP levels were found in 54 (65.1%) patients, and seropositivity of Rheumatoid factor was found in 52 (62.7 %) of the patients. There was a negative relationship between smoking and responsiveness to infliximab. (r= -0.295 P 0.007) while there was a positive correlation between anti-infliximab antibodies with CRP and RF (P=0.026). Likewise, ACCP and serum trough infliximab levels were correlated significantly (P=0.014). Antidrug antibody seropositivity correlates positively with CRP and RF status and between ACCP and serum trough infliximab in RA patients while there is a negative correlation between smoking and early response to infliximab.

The use of ultrasonography (US) as a non-invasive method to evaluate and diagnose musculoskeletal disorders has increased in recent years. This cross-sectional study assessed the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the median nerve using US in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Clinical and demographic data of patients were recorded. Nerve conduction studies (NCS), US, and needle electromyography (EMG) were performed. In addition, US evaluated the flattening ratio (FR) and CSA of the median nerve. This study assessed 600 wrists of 300 patients with CTS referred to Golestan Hospital (Ahvaz, Iran) for nine months. There were 102 males and 198 females, with a mean age of 46.83±9.50 years. Many patients were aged 40-59 years old. Furthermore, 240 patients had bilateral CTS. The hands affected by CTS were categorized into three groups based on the severity of CTS: mild (298 hands, 49.7%), moderate (164 hands, 27.3%), and severe (138 hands, 23%). Substantial differences were detected in the average age, CSA of the median nerve, body mass index (BMI), ring-finger method (RF), FR, and outcomes in Tinel's sign and Phalen's test based on the severity of CTS (P<0.05). The increase in CSA of the median nerve was related to the severity of CTS. In addition, the US could effectively evaluate the severity of CTS. Utilizing US to measure the CSA of the median nerve was beneficial for identifying and assessing the severity of CTS. However, it should not be regarded as a substitute for NCS. Integrating NCS, US, and needle EMG can enhance diagnostic accuracy and provide more comprehensive insights into severity and underlying causes of CTS. These findings may help healthcare professionals prioritize and improve the quality of diagnosis, treatment, and care for patients with CTS.

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a condition that manifests itself when there is a reduction in the amount of blood that flows to the coronary arteries. This can lead to damage to the heart muscle or possibly death of the heart muscle. The study was conducted with the intention of determining whether there were any alterations in the levels of sodium, potassium, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein that were found in the serum of individuals who were diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). In addition, the objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between these levels and risk factors such as quitting smoking, having dyslipidemia, being overweight, and having mitral regurgitation. The study had a total of 133 participants, with 83 patients being assigned to the study group and 50 individuals being assigned to the control group. A specific group of people who had recently been diagnosed with ACS made comprised the members of the study group. Both groups' blood samples were taken and then flame photometry using the Bio-Lab Diagnostic kit was used to determine the levels of serum electrolytes (Na+ and K+). Furthermore, calorimetry was utilized in order to estimate the levels of the lipid profile. The levels of sodium, C-reactive protein, and potassium in the serum were shown to have significantly increased across all age groups when compared to the control group. Despite the fact that the female group had slightly higher mean±standard deviation values of serum sodium, potassium, and C-reactive protein concentrations compared to the male group, this difference did not meet the criteria for statistical significance. When comparing the mean±standard deviation levels of serum sodium, potassium, and C-reactive protein in the presence or absence of dyslipidemia, smoking, or obesity, the results of the T-tests revealed that there were no significant differences. There was a correlation between the severity of mitral regurgitation and the mean±standard deviation values of serum sodium, potassium, and C-reactive protein concentrations. The early evaluation of serum electrolyte levels is not only necessary for appropriate replenishment but also has the potential to assist in the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome. C-reactive protein has been shown to be associated with the development of acute coronary syndrome. and we have also demonstrated that it has the potential to serve as a biomarker for both the risk and severity of ACS. It is possible to determine the severity of mitral regurgitation by observing the elevated levels of C-reactive protein, sodium and potassium in the serum.

According to importance in correct surgical positioning on surgical outcomes by surgical team members, this study was done to evaluate the effects of simulation-based learning (SBL) on surgical technologist students’ knowledge and clinical skill in surgical positioning. This non-randomized quasi-experimental study utilized a one-group pretest-post test design. The participants were 32 surgical technology students who had enrolled in a course on scrub principles. Surgical positions were taught using both lecture and SBL methods. To compare the educational outcomes of the two teaching methods, students' knowledge and clinical skills were assessed before and after the course using multiple choice questions and a researcher-developed checklist. Thirty-eight second-semester surgical technologist students with a grade point average of 15.74±1.96 participated in this study. Mean score of knowledge(pre and post test) was (4.79±1.58 to 8.21±1.63, P=0.021). Mean score of clinical skill (pre and post test) was (0 to 8.13±1.73, P=0.030). The results showed that the mean knowledge and clinical skill scores after teaching by SBL were improved. SBL promotes students' clinical skill in correct surgical positioning, so this method of teaching recommends clinical instructors in operating room field to achieve optimal learning outcomes.

The well-known blended electronic learning system has been seen so far from the point of view of comparison with other e-learning, but not much research has been done about educational planning, in terms of students' interest in how to organize the combined face-to-face and non-face-to-face implementation of this type of educational method. The present study is an assessment with the aim of comparing the effect of the combined implementation sequence of two methods of blended web-based and workshop learning on the level of interest of students who are members of the research committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences to participate in the Vital Statistics course. This is a quasi-experimental study with an alternative treatment design. The statistical population, who were selected through census sampling due to limited numbers, included 38 students of the Faculty of Medicine and 15 students of the Faculty of Health. The data collection tool included two questionnaires of demographic characteristics and an interesting questionnaire. The validity of the interest questionnaire was assessed through content validity and factor analysis, and its reliability was by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The data were analyzed in SPSS-16 through independent t-tests, Keyser's index, Bartlett's test, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The results showed a statistical difference between interest in the first group (A: Workshop/Web-based) and the second group (B: Web-based/Workshop) in blended learning: In the medical faculty (P=0.043), in the health faculty (P=0.051) and the total of two faculties (P=0.004). Given the statistical difference observed in conditions (Comparison of groups in each faculty independently and comparison of groups in total of two faculties), we suggest holding Workshop (in-person) courses at first and online courses then.

Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis (IGM) is an inflammatory and benign breast disease that can mimic a wide range of breast diseases (from infection to breast cancer (BC)). IGM affects women in the childbearing age and is more prevalent in Asia. According to similarity of IGM and BC presentation and different treatment pathways, it is important to distinguish between these two diseases. We present three cases; the first one is a 42-year-old woman with IGM 2 years after treatment of a stage two breast carcinoma; and the second and third one is a 46-year-old and 41 years old ladies with breast cancer 4 and 13 years after being diagnosed with IGM. Although the occurrence of IGM and cancer in an individual patient is rare, physicians should be aware of this possibility.