Comparison of Common Methods of Extraction and Rotation in Exploratory Factor Analysis to Validate the Addiction Potential Questionnaire of 12-18-Year-Old Iranian Children
Abstract
The drug crisis, especially in children, is expanding as a global challenge. The purpose of this study was to compare extraction and rotation methods in exploratory factor analysis to validate the children's addiction potential questionnaire. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2023 on 400 students from the city of Shiraz, Iran, using a multi-stage sampling method (stratified-cluster-simple random sampling). Inclusion Criteria: Participants were students residing in Shiraz and enrolled in the first or second year of high school. After designing the questions and assessing their face and content validity, as well as reliability (using Cronbach's alpha), the final questionnaire was administered to the participants. Exploratory factor analysis was performed using various extraction and rotation methods. The statistical methods used for analysis included descriptive-analytical indices, correlation coefficients, exploratory factor analysis, and Cronbach's alpha, utilizing SPSS software version 26. This research has received ethical approval under the code IR.SUMS.SCHEANUT.REC.1402.112. The mean age of participants was 15.39±1.94 years. The face and content validity (both quantitatively and qualitatively) as well as reliability (using Cronbach's alpha) were assessed and confirmed. The best extraction method was maximum likelihood, and the optimal rotation method was Varimax. The percentage of variance explained varied across different extraction methods, with the highest percentage being 39.5% for the Generalized Least Squares method and the lowest percentage being 25.8% for the Image Factoring method. The results indicate a suitable validation of the children’s addiction potential questionnaire. The careful selection of extraction and rotation methods based on the characteristics of the data and the research objectives plays a crucial role in achieving valid results. In this study, the best extraction method was found to be maximum likelihood, and the optimal rotation method was Varimax, resulting in the identification of four factors.
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2. Rouzbahani F, Akhlaghi Kouhpayeh H. Relationship between attachment styles and initial maladaptation schemas with the social utility of leaving addicts. Middle Eastern J Disabil Stud 2018;8:97.
3. Hassanzadeh J, Jafarnezhad A. The Process of Validating a Persian Version of Addiction Potential Scale for Children in the Iranian Population: A Systematic Review. Addict Health 2024;16:140-51.
4. Jafarnezhad A, Ghaem Maralani H, Sahraian A, Hassanzadeh J. Design and Validation of an Addiction Potential Questionnaire for Iranian Children Aged 12 to 18 Using Exploratory Factor Analysis. Addict Health 2024.
5. Aghjani S, Ahmadi S, Vahid F. Causal Modeling of Tendency to Addiction Based on Anxiety Sensitivity Mediated by Mediation Difficult in Emotion Regulation in Male Adolescents. J Sabzevar Univ Med Sci 2021;28:477-88.
6. Jafarnejad A, Tirgari Batool KN. Factors Associated with Addiction in Children in Kerman city. J Community Health Res 2017;6:175-84.
7. Oviedo-Joekes E, Marchand K, Guh D, Marsh DC, Brissette S, Krausz M, et al. History of reported sexual or physical abuse among long-term heroin users and their response to substitution treatment. Addict Behav 2011;36:55-60.
8. Shokri K, Ranjbaran R, Rukhosh A. Addiction approaches and models. Social Health Addic 2018;18:105-38.
9. Alaei R, A study of individual and environmental backgrounds of drug use among students of Tehran. J Strategic Studies on Youth and Sports 2023; 22:573-96.
10. Akbari Charmhini S, Sajadinezhad MS, Shafieetabar M, Sepahvand T. Cognitive control of two groups of adolescents with high and low tendency to addiction: a comparative study. Adv Cogn Sci 2016;20:47-56.
11. Amini Z, Heidary BS. What components of adolescents’ responsibility are effective in preventing addiction? Adv Biomed Res 2020;9:2.
12. Sharifi S, Abbas HS. Validation of the Persian version of the Vulnerable to Addiction Personality Questionnaire. Addict Abuse Res Q 2006;12:277-90.
13. Ali Z. Validation of Addiction Susceptibility Questionnaire in Iran Adolescents (ASQ-AV). J Clin Psychol 2014;6:81-93.
14. Azarmehr Rabeeh AE. The role of anxiety sensitivity and attentional control in predicting the tendency toward addiction in youth. Iran J Health Psychol 2019;2:45-50.
15. Baghiani Moghaddam MH, Pour Shokoh F, Zohreh R. Comparison of the views of addicts and non-addicts about the causes of addiction. Res Q Yazd Sch Health 2008;7:40-8.
16. Faezeh BA. Study of Knowledge of Kerman’s High School for Boys Students about the Consequences of Psychoactive Substance Abuse Avicenna J Nurs Midwifery Care 2008;16:18-28.
17. Fathi A, Zare’ Davijani A, Mousavifar B, Morsali H. Examining the role of family function in preventing Tendency to addiction of teenagers and young people of Tabriz city. East Azarbaijan Police Knowledge Q 2018;27:79-91.
18. Feyzi H, Vaisi Raygani AA, Abdi A, Shakeri J, Mardokhian M, The predisposing factors for drug abuse in viewpoints of referrers to Addiction Treatment Centers in Kermanshah. J Rehabil Res Nurs 2016;2:47-56.
19. Ghaedamini Harouni, G., et al., Effectiveness of Four Preventive Methods on Attitudes toward Drug Abuse and Mental Health among High School Boys. Res Cogn Behav Sci 2017;7:51-64.
20. Gorbani E, Asadi J. Comparison of Personality Traits, Mental Health, and Sensation Seeking between Adolescents with Substance-Dependent and Normal Parents. Etiadpajohi 2023;17:137-60.
21. Hajli A, Zakariaey MA, Sudeh HK. Iranians’ Attitude towards Drug Abuse. J Soc Probl Iran 2010;1:81-111.
22. Kambiz K, Shokrzadeh S. Scale standardization tendency to addiction (with emphasis on MMPI-ARF) secondary school students and pre-university. Eur J Experiment Biol 2012;2:1868-79.
23. Kazemi-Rezaei SV, Kazemi-Rezaei SA. Prediction of tendency to addiction based on alexithymia and assertiveness in nursing students. Feyz Med Sci J 2020;24:228-36.
24. Leila N. Students' attitude towards drug abuse and factors affecting it. Soc Work Res Pap 2015;2:156-88.
25. Mansouri Jalilian A, Kamran Y. Predicting Tendency to Abuse Drugs by Using Differentiation and Metacognition among University Students. Res Cogn Behav Sci 2016;6:43-52.
26. Moghanloo M, Valivand Y. Modeling the Tendency to Addiction Based the Five-Factor Personality Model Mediated by Resilience in Students. Etiadpajohi 2022;16:267-84.
27. Mosayeb N. Investigating the causes and related factors in the tendency of young people to use drugs (a case study of Jalga Chah Hashem region). J New Adv Behav Sci 2019;4:46-58.
28. Mousavi S, Roohafza H. The relationship between the use of cigarettes and other drugs in students and their parents. Res Med Sci 1999;8:57-9.
29. Mohammad Hassan N, Haddadi H, bahrami H, Hatami H. The effectiveness of spiritual intelligence group training on the level of addiction tendency in high school students. J Res Educ Syst 2018;12:163-73.
30. Narimani M. Prevalence and factors associated with drug abuse among high school students in Semnan. J Sch Psychol 2017;5:132-45.
31. Mikaeili N. Comparison of Thought Control, Mindfulness and Attachment Styles in Students with High and Low Tendency to Addiction. Etiadpajohi 2017;10:65-86.
32. Pourhosein R, Morovati Z, Yosefi Afrashteh M. Examining the role of family factors affecting drug trends (traditional-industrial) among youth of Lorestan province. J Psychol Sci 2015;14:154-67.
33. Rezaee AM, Najafi M. The Construction and Validation of Opium Attitude Questionnaire among Guidance and High School Students. etiadpajohi 2016;6:37-54.
34. Rezaei Jamaloui H, Aryaporan S, Kachoei M, Moradi H, Taheri M. Predicting the reduction of drug use in high school students based on attachment to God, religious attitude, social support and sensation seeking. Ravanshenasi Wa Din 2015;8:79-96.
35. Salami F, Hatami H, Noori R. The prediction of drug use tendency based on the psychological space of the family, the family history of addiction and the role of the peer group in the tobacco-consuming adolescents. Appl Psychol 2018;12:265-84.
36. Satari B, Ahad A. Examining the rate of tendency to addiction in people over ten years old in 2013 (Ardebil province). Soc Welf J 2004;3:263-82.
37. Maimandi Manzomeh S, Ziyadini SH, Alireza SY. Effective factors in drug addiction from the perspective of high school students in Kerman 2014. Sci J Qazvin Univ Med Sci 2005;12:80-8.
38. Sarban Vakil H, Shararhe S. Investigating the factors affecting the reduction of rural youth tendency to drug use (Case Study: Ardabil County). J Stud Hum Settle Plan 2021;1:1-14.
39. Valadbaigi E, Nickbakht I, Lashkari A. Tendency to drug use among high school students(Case Study: Marivan High Schools). Refahj 2017;17:237-59.
40. Yekkehfallah L, Momeni A, Torkashvand A, Jahani Hashemi H. Factors Associated with Ecstasy Use in Students of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. J Hayat 2009;15:73-80.
41. Zia al-Dini SH, Zarezade A, Heshmati F. Prevalence of substance abuse and addiction and some related factors in final year high school and pre-university students of Kerman city in 1379-80. J Kerman Univ Med Sci 2006;13:84-94.
42. Amani F, Ahari S, Azami A. Trend of drug abuse patterns in drug addiction centers during 1999-2004. J Ardabil Univ Med Sci 2005;3:220-4.
43. Soleimani R. The role of non-governmental organizations in reducing drug use. J New Ideas Sci Technol 2016;1:146.
44. Lotfi Y, Nazeri AR, Asgari A, Moosavi A, Bakhshi E. Iranian Version of Speech, Spatial, and Qualities of Hearing Scale: A Psychometric Study. Acta Med Iran. 2017;54:756-64.
45. Chehrei A, Fershte Nejad SM, Bayat A. Statistical analysis in medical science research using SPSS. 4, ed. London: ECRTD Publication; 2022.
46. Hassanzadeh J, Ghaem Maralani H, Jafari F, Jafarnezhad A. A guide for conducting exploratory factor analysis in medical science research using SPSS: a brief report. Tehran Univ Med J 2024;81:909-13.
47. Mohammadbeigi A, Mohammadsalehi N, Aligol M. Validity and Reliability of the Instruments and Types of MeasurmentS in Health Applied Researches. Scientific J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2015;13:1153-70.
48. Nuzer N. Designing and analyzing a questionnaire with an emphasis on addiction research. Kerman: Gera publishing house; 2013.
49. Pahlwan Sharif S, SHarifnia H. Structural equation modeling with AMOS. 3rd ed; Tehran, Iran: Artin Teb; 2018.
50. Hajizadeh E. Statistical methods and analyzes with a view to research methods in biological and health sciences (with SPSS guide). Academic Jihad Publishing Organization; 2011.
51. Ødbehr L, Kvigne K, Hauge S, Danbolt LJ. Nurses' and care workers' experiences of spiritual needs in residents with dementia in nursing homes: a qualitative study. BMC Nurs 2014;13:12.
52. Polit DF, FM Yang. Measurement and the Measurement of Change: A Primer for the Health Professions; 2014.
53. Harerimana A, Mtshali NG. Using Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis to understand the role of technology in nursing education. Nurse Educ Today 2020;92:104490.
54. Fabrigar LR, Wegener DT. Exploratory factor analysis. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press; 2012.
55. Beavers A, Lounsbury JW, Richards JK, Huck SW, Skolits GJ, Esquivel SL. Esquivel. Practical considerations for using exploratory factor analysis in educational research. Pract Assess Res Eval 2019;18:6.
56. Bentler PM. Multistructure Statistical Model Applied To Factor Analysis. Multivariate Behav Res 1976;11:3-25.
57. Chun-Chih L, Wu CJ, Hsiao YC, Han CY, Hung CC. An exploratory factor analysis for developing and validating a scale of Nursing Students Competence Instrument. Nurse Educ Today 2017;50:87-91.
58. Finch WH. Exploratory factor analysis. In: Handbook of quantitative methods for educational research. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill; 2013:167-86.
59. Gaskin CJ, Happell B. On exploratory factor analysis: A review of recent evidence, an assessment of current practice, and recommendations for future use. Int J Nurs Stud 2014;51:511-21.
60. Hooper D. Exploratory factor analysis, 2012.
61. Reio Jr TG, Shuck B. Exploratory factor analysis: implications for theory, research, and practice. Adv Dev Hum Resour 2015;17:12-25.
62. Watkins MW. A step-by-step guide to exploratory factor analysis with SPSS. England, UK: Routledge; 2021.
63. Watkins MW. Exploratory factor analysis: A guide to best practice. J Black Psychol 2018;44:219-46.
64. Yalcin I, Amemiya Y. Nonlinear Factor Analysis as a Statistical Method. Stat Sci 2001;16:275-94.
65. Lawley DN, Maxwell AE. Factor Analysis as a Statistical Method. J Royal Stat Soc 1962;12:209-29.
66. Hamidizadeh E, Mohabati M, Abbasi Shavzi MT. Marijuana Users' Semantic System of Addiction: Presenting a Grounded Theory. etiadpajohi 2022;16:149-79.
67. Keshavarzi S, Khani Jeihooni A, Yazdan Panah A. The effect of an educational program based on the theory of planned behavior in increasing safe sexual behaviors among addicts covered by addiction treatment centers in Shiraz. J Educ Community Health 2018;5: 45-52.
68. M, K. Social Anomie and Drug Addiction; Research on Addiction.; Res on Addiction. 2004;2:13-30.
69. Moghadas Ghahfarokhi S, Haghighatian M, Hashemianfar SA. Addiction Dynamics; Comparative Study of Findings Based on Grounded Theory of Addiction and Sociological Theories. Refahj 2020;20:9-56.
70. Hosseini MR. Identifying the Contexts of Addiction in Lorestan Province (Emphasizing the Qualitative Typology Approach). Quarterly of Social Studies and Res in Iran, 2021;10:1149-79.
71. Mulaik SA. Foundations of factor analysis. New York: CRC press; 2009.
72. Niazi M, Omidi Z. Development of an integrated model of women's addiction prevention management using foundation data theory in Iran. Psychol Educ Sci Third Millennium 2023;23:270-87.
73. Pedrian M, Vahidnia F, Esmaili R. Analysis of Emotional-sentimental Actions in Addiction Treatment (A Qualitative Study based on Grounded Theory Approach). DOAJ 2019;3:105-26.
74. Pourmehdi S, Heshmati N. Explaining drug abuse in the light of the theory of subcultures with an emphasis on the preventive approach. Crime Prev Approach 2020;11:115-42.
75. Suranovic SM, R S Goldfarb, Leonard TC. An Economic Theory of Cigarette Addicticon. J Heath Econ 1999;1:67-8.
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 63 No 1 (2025) | |
| Section | Original Articles | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/acta.v63i1.18592 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Addiction potential questionnaire Validation Factor analysis Rotations Child Iran | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Jafarnezhad A, Ghaem Maralani H, Sahraian A, Hassanzadeh J. Comparison of Common Methods of Extraction and Rotation in Exploratory Factor Analysis to Validate the Addiction Potential Questionnaire of 12-18-Year-Old Iranian Children. Acta Med Iran. 2025;63(1):31-40.
