Estimation of Some Biomarkers in Type 2 Diabetic Patients for Detection Early Incidence of Diabetic Nephropathy
,
Abstract
Diabetic Nephropathy (DN), is the major microvascular complications of diabetes, affecting 40% of type 2 diabetic patients, is the leading cause of end-stage renal failure. Microalbuminuria has a limited diagnostic role in early-stage diabetic nephropathy, because renal damage usually occurs before proteinuria. Therefore, more sensitive and specific biomarkers are needed for early detection of Diabetic Nephropathy. A Case-control study involved 180 participants aged 40-≥70 year, 60 individuals are healthy, 120 person with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), they were divided in three groups by urinary albumin/ creatinine ratio (ACR). Group 1:40 patients with normo albuminuria (ACR<30 mg/g). Group 2: 40 patients with micro albuminuria (ACR 30-300 mg/g). Group 3: 40 patients with macro albuminuria (ACR˃300 mg/g). Nephrin, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and Wnt inducible signaling pathway protein1 (WISP1) was estimated in serum by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); also fasting blood sugar, glycated hemoglobin, blood urea and serum creatinine was determined by enzymatic method, urine albumin/creatinine ratio determined by measurements of albumin and creatinine in urine sample. There was a significant elevation for all parameters in the patients compared to healthy control but eGFR decrease. The prevalence of diabetic nephropathy was found in male more than female and the majority of patients were in age group 60-≥70 years. A significant difference in mean±SD of age, Body Mass Index (BMI), and duration of diabetes, macro albuminuria, microalbuminuria, and normoalbuminuria groups show a statistically higher S. Nephrin, TGF-β and WISP1 in comparison to control. Nephrin and TGF- β have a strong association with blood urea, serum creatinine and an inverse association with glomerular filtration rate in all diabetic groups. While there were significant positive correlations between the WISP1 with urea. In contrast there was positive correlations with creatinine only in micro- and macro albuminuria groups, while no correlation with eGFR. In Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, nephrin, WISP1 and TGF- β showed high sensitivity and specificity. Elevated levels of Nephrin, WISP1 and TGF-β in type 2 diabetic patients have been reported in the current study. These findings proposed that nephrin, WISP1 and TGF- β could be an early diagnostic marker for DN detection.
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2. Swapna B, Fathima K, Muwayyad H, Khanam M, Salma S, Harsha S, et al. A study to assess the associated risk of developing cardiovascular diseases in chronic kidney disease. Cell Mol Biomed Rep 2024;4:150-8.
3. Talebi Mehrdar M, Ebadi G. Increased levels of serum adenosine deaminase (ADA) enzyme and increased risk of T cell activation markers in type 2 diabetes. Cell Mol Biomed Rep 2024;4:159-67.
4. Mohammed KK, Sabbar AG, Hmeash HH. The comparison and correlation of serum levels of insulin and Na+/K+ ATPase in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and non-diabetes mellitus individuals. J Techniques. 2022;4(3):34-9.
5. Kakaei M, Rehman FU, Fazeli F. The effect of chickpeas metabolites on human diseases and the application of their valuable nutritional compounds suitable for human consumption. Cell Mol Biomed Rep 2024;4:30-42.
6. Shaker Al-Awady M, Mohammed Ali B. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Cell Mol Biomed Rep 2024;4:189-98.
7. Salman MN, Hamzah AS. Determination of cystatin C level in a sample of patients with chronic kidney disease. J Techniques 2022;4:7-11.
8. Azagew AW, Beko ZW, Mekonnen CK. Determinants of diabetic nephropathy among diabetic patients in Ethiopia: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2024;19:e0297082.
9. Abbas HS, Nada SZ, Fadhel AA. Assessment of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2022;1188-103.
10. Akpotaire P, Seriki S. Assessment and correlation of serum urea and creatinine levels in normal, hypertensive, and diabetic persons in Auchi, Nigeria. Clin Res 2023;7:7-16.
11. Devarajan P, Chertow GM, Susztak K, Levin A, Agarwal R, Stenvinkel P, et al. Emerging role of clinical genetics in CKD. Kidney Med 2022;4:100435.
12. Aljorani RH, Saleh ES, Al Mohammadawi KGH. Correlation of kidney injury molecule-1 and nephrin levels in Iraqi patients with diabetic nephropathy. Al-Rafidain J Med Sci 2023;5:99-104.
13. Devanath A, Jayakumari S, Sankar S, Prakash SN. Nephrin a biomarker of early glomerular injury in newly diagnosed untreated hypertensive subjects. Biomedicine. 2022;42:484-8.
14. Wang L, Wang HL, Lan HY. TGF-β signaling in diabetic nephropathy: An update. Diabet Nephropathy 2022;2:7-16.
15. Wang H, Zhang R, Wu X, Chen Y, Ji W, Wang J, et al. The Wnt signaling pathway in diabetic nephropathy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022;9:701547.
16. Al-Hakeim HK, Asad HN, Maes M. Wnt/β-catenin pathway proteins in end-stage renal disease. Biomark Med 2021;15:1423-34.
17. Wang B, Ding C, Ding X, Tesch G, Zheng J, Tian P, et al. WNT1-inducible signaling pathway protein 1 regulates kidney inflammation through the NF-κB pathway. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022;136:29-44.
18. Surya M, Rajappa M, Vadivelan M. Utility of urinary nephrin in patients with and without diabetic nephropathy and its correlation with albuminuria. Cureus 2021;13:e20567.
19. Bohan AH. Assessment of ferritin level and some biochemical variables in Iraqi anemic diabetic mellitus in both gender. J Al-Farabi Med Sci 2024;1:19-25.
20. Chachan TAKA, Farhan H, Hamed S. Determination of irisin, body mass index, and other biochemical parameters in a sample of Iraqi type II diabetic patients. J Techniques 2022;4:53-9.
21. Amelia R, Sari DK, Muzasti RA, Fujiati II, Wijaya H. Early detection of diabetic nephropathy based on albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Medan, Indonesia. Fam Med Prim Care Rev 2021;23:233-9.
22. Shaban A, Abbas SA-R, Abed BA. Estimation of tenascin-C levels in Iraqi patients with diabetic nephropathy. Al-Rafidain J Med Sci 2023;5:S8-13.
23. Abdulrahman SB, Saleh ES, Saeedi SM. Assessing the reliability of serum macrophage migration inhibitory factor as a marker for diabetic nephropathy prediction in type 2 diabetes patients and the effect of ACE inhibitors on its level. Iraqi J Pharm Sci 2023;32:83-90.
24. Kamal A, Adem S, El-Yassin HD. Role of beta trace protein and cystatin C as a potential biomarker for early detection of type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Al-Kindy Coll Med J 2024;20:53-8.
25. Huang J, Peng X, Dong K, Tao J, Yang Y. The association between insulin resistance, leptin, and resistin and diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with different body mass indexes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021;14:2357-65.
26. Kamal A, Taher AY. A comparison between beta trace protein, cystatin C and creatinine for the estimation of eGFR in diabetic nephropathy. J Sci Med Life 2024;2:126-37.
27. Hamid GS, Allawi AA, Ghudhaib KK. Correlation of pentosidine with kidney diseases in Iraqi patients with diabetic nephropathy. Iraqi J Sci 2021;62:3436-42.
28. Ibrahim RK, Ghudhaib KK, Allawi AAD. Early prediction of nephropathy in Iraqi patient with diabetes type II by evaluating some relevant biochemical factors. Baghdad Sci J 2023;20:89-95.
29. Hataem D, Alasady RA, Khudhair SA. Evaluation of urinary monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and serum cystatin C as markers for detection of diabetic nephropathy in comparison to albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) 2020.
30. Salh HJH, Aziz TA, Ahmed ZA, Mahwi TO. Association between albuminuria, glycated hemoglobin with comorbidities in type 2 diabetes patients: Experience in Sulaimani City, Iraq. Al-Rafidain J Med Sci 2024;6:1-8.
31. Raheem R, Al-Qaisi AHJ, Mohammed S. Assessment of serum apelin level in Iraqi type 2 diabetic nephropathy patients. Al-Nahrain J Sci 2023;26:18-23.
32. AlRheem SZ, Altareehee SWMA, Hassan HMM. Serum extracellular superoxide dismutase concentration in type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy: An investigation of the relationship, 2024.
33. Kostovska I, Tosheska-Trajkovska K, Topuzovska S, Cekovska S, Spasovski G, Kostovski O, et al. Urinary nephrin is earlier, more sensitive and specific marker of diabetic nephropathy than microalbuminuria. J Med Biochem 2020;39:83-90.
34. Veluri G, Mannangatti M. Urinary nephrin is a sensitive marker to predict early onset of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Lab Physicians 2022;14:497-504.
35. El Nagar AMT, Metwaly OEA, Nasrallah AAEM, Kamel LMM. Role of nephrinuria in early diagnosis of type 2 diabetic nephropathy at Zagazig University Hospitals. Egypt J Hosp Med 2022;87:2113-8.
36. Hassan AM, Kata FS. The role of the biomarkers interleukin-18 and transforming growth factor-beta-1 in predicting and detecting diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Pharm Negat Results 2022;13:243-9.
37. Chen J, Liu Q, He J, Li Y. Immune responses in diabetic nephropathy: Pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic target. Front Immunol 2022;13:958790.
38. Kadhim SH, Khakzad MR, Eshaghi A. Evaluation of the relationship between TGF-β expression and clinical symptoms in patients with diabetic nephropathy. J Pharm Negat Results 2023;14:211-26.
39. Van Nguyen T, Ngo KD, Thi MH, Dam LTP, Huynh TQ. Evaluating the serum transforming growth factor-beta 1 level in chronic kidney disease caused by glomerulonephritis. Nephro Urol Mon 2021;13:e117806.
40. Kulkarni AR, Bale CB, Wakhare PS, Shinde NS, Chavan AS, Dighe TA, et al. Study of the urinary TGF-β1 profile in diabetic nephropathy: A single-center experience from India. Cureus 2023;15:e45231.
41. Klimontov VV, Bulumbaeva DM, Fazullina ON, Lykov AP, Bgatova NP, Orlov NB, et al. Circulating Wnt1-inducible signaling pathway protein-1 (WISP-1/CCN4) is a novel biomarker of adiposity in subjects with type 2 diabetes. J Cell Commun Signal 2020;14:101-9.
42. Zhang RD, Shi M. Occurrence and development of diabetic nephropathy caused by CD63 by inhibiting Wnt-β-catenin signaling pathway. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2020;24:284-94.
43. Woodhams L, Sim TF, Chalmers L, Yeap B, Green D, Schlaich M, et al. Diabetic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes: A review of pathogenic mechanisms, patient-related factors and therapeutic options. PeerJ 2021;9:e11070.
44. Kondapi K, Kumar NL, Moorthy S, Silambanan S. A study of association of urinary nephrin with albuminuria in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Indian J Nephrol. 2021;31:142-8.
45. Shyamala Rajendran DSP, Natesan S, Rajendran S. Study to determine urinary nephrin as an earlier marker in diabetic nephropathy than microalbuminuria. Int J Life Sci Biotechnol Pharm Res 2023;4:1490-4
46. Elhammady AM, ELShafie HS, El Fallah AA, Khalil MA. Serum suPAR and urinary nephrin as novel sensitive and specific markers for diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 DM. Egypt J Hosp Med 2023;91:4373-9.
47. Hadad NS, Albrahimi N. Serum and urinary TGF-β1 in diabetic nephropathy patients. Med J Basrah Univ 2023;41:177-87.
48. Jasem AH, Haddad NS, Yaseen NT, Alrufaie MM. Association of TGF-β1 with cystatin-C in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Anaesth Pain Intensive Care 2024;28:151-4.
49. Rupprecht H, Catanese L, Amann K, Hengel FE, Huber TB, Latosinska A, et al. Assessment and risk prediction of chronic kidney disease and kidney fibrosis using non-invasive biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2024;25:3678.
50. Cheng Y, Du X, Zhang B, Zhang J. Increased serum WISP1 levels are associated with lower extremity atherosclerotic disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2022;130:248-53.
51. Chen Y, Li P, Lin M, Jiang Y, Tan G, Huang L, et al. Silencing of METTL3 prevents the proliferation, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and renal fibrosis of high glucose-induced HK2 cells by mediating WISP1 in m6A-dependent manner. Aging (Albany NY). 2024;16:1237-48.
52. Mezher MA, Al-Radeef MY, Salih KS. Roles of interleukins (interleukin-18 and interleukin-17a) and transforming growth factor-beta markers in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney diseases. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2023;14:229-34.
53. Sanabria-de la Torre R, García-Fontana C, González-Salvatierra S, Andújar-Vera F, Martínez-Heredia L, García-Fontana B, et al. The contribution of Wnt signaling to vascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2022;23:6995.
2. Swapna B, Fathima K, Muwayyad H, Khanam M, Salma S, Harsha S, et al. A study to assess the associated risk of developing cardiovascular diseases in chronic kidney disease. Cell Mol Biomed Rep 2024;4:150-8.
3. Talebi Mehrdar M, Ebadi G. Increased levels of serum adenosine deaminase (ADA) enzyme and increased risk of T cell activation markers in type 2 diabetes. Cell Mol Biomed Rep 2024;4:159-67.
4. Mohammed KK, Sabbar AG, Hmeash HH. The comparison and correlation of serum levels of insulin and Na+/K+ ATPase in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and non-diabetes mellitus individuals. J Techniques. 2022;4(3):34-9.
5. Kakaei M, Rehman FU, Fazeli F. The effect of chickpeas metabolites on human diseases and the application of their valuable nutritional compounds suitable for human consumption. Cell Mol Biomed Rep 2024;4:30-42.
6. Shaker Al-Awady M, Mohammed Ali B. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Cell Mol Biomed Rep 2024;4:189-98.
7. Salman MN, Hamzah AS. Determination of cystatin C level in a sample of patients with chronic kidney disease. J Techniques 2022;4:7-11.
8. Azagew AW, Beko ZW, Mekonnen CK. Determinants of diabetic nephropathy among diabetic patients in Ethiopia: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2024;19:e0297082.
9. Abbas HS, Nada SZ, Fadhel AA. Assessment of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2022;1188-103.
10. Akpotaire P, Seriki S. Assessment and correlation of serum urea and creatinine levels in normal, hypertensive, and diabetic persons in Auchi, Nigeria. Clin Res 2023;7:7-16.
11. Devarajan P, Chertow GM, Susztak K, Levin A, Agarwal R, Stenvinkel P, et al. Emerging role of clinical genetics in CKD. Kidney Med 2022;4:100435.
12. Aljorani RH, Saleh ES, Al Mohammadawi KGH. Correlation of kidney injury molecule-1 and nephrin levels in Iraqi patients with diabetic nephropathy. Al-Rafidain J Med Sci 2023;5:99-104.
13. Devanath A, Jayakumari S, Sankar S, Prakash SN. Nephrin a biomarker of early glomerular injury in newly diagnosed untreated hypertensive subjects. Biomedicine. 2022;42:484-8.
14. Wang L, Wang HL, Lan HY. TGF-β signaling in diabetic nephropathy: An update. Diabet Nephropathy 2022;2:7-16.
15. Wang H, Zhang R, Wu X, Chen Y, Ji W, Wang J, et al. The Wnt signaling pathway in diabetic nephropathy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022;9:701547.
16. Al-Hakeim HK, Asad HN, Maes M. Wnt/β-catenin pathway proteins in end-stage renal disease. Biomark Med 2021;15:1423-34.
17. Wang B, Ding C, Ding X, Tesch G, Zheng J, Tian P, et al. WNT1-inducible signaling pathway protein 1 regulates kidney inflammation through the NF-κB pathway. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022;136:29-44.
18. Surya M, Rajappa M, Vadivelan M. Utility of urinary nephrin in patients with and without diabetic nephropathy and its correlation with albuminuria. Cureus 2021;13:e20567.
19. Bohan AH. Assessment of ferritin level and some biochemical variables in Iraqi anemic diabetic mellitus in both gender. J Al-Farabi Med Sci 2024;1:19-25.
20. Chachan TAKA, Farhan H, Hamed S. Determination of irisin, body mass index, and other biochemical parameters in a sample of Iraqi type II diabetic patients. J Techniques 2022;4:53-9.
21. Amelia R, Sari DK, Muzasti RA, Fujiati II, Wijaya H. Early detection of diabetic nephropathy based on albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Medan, Indonesia. Fam Med Prim Care Rev 2021;23:233-9.
22. Shaban A, Abbas SA-R, Abed BA. Estimation of tenascin-C levels in Iraqi patients with diabetic nephropathy. Al-Rafidain J Med Sci 2023;5:S8-13.
23. Abdulrahman SB, Saleh ES, Saeedi SM. Assessing the reliability of serum macrophage migration inhibitory factor as a marker for diabetic nephropathy prediction in type 2 diabetes patients and the effect of ACE inhibitors on its level. Iraqi J Pharm Sci 2023;32:83-90.
24. Kamal A, Adem S, El-Yassin HD. Role of beta trace protein and cystatin C as a potential biomarker for early detection of type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Al-Kindy Coll Med J 2024;20:53-8.
25. Huang J, Peng X, Dong K, Tao J, Yang Y. The association between insulin resistance, leptin, and resistin and diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with different body mass indexes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021;14:2357-65.
26. Kamal A, Taher AY. A comparison between beta trace protein, cystatin C and creatinine for the estimation of eGFR in diabetic nephropathy. J Sci Med Life 2024;2:126-37.
27. Hamid GS, Allawi AA, Ghudhaib KK. Correlation of pentosidine with kidney diseases in Iraqi patients with diabetic nephropathy. Iraqi J Sci 2021;62:3436-42.
28. Ibrahim RK, Ghudhaib KK, Allawi AAD. Early prediction of nephropathy in Iraqi patient with diabetes type II by evaluating some relevant biochemical factors. Baghdad Sci J 2023;20:89-95.
29. Hataem D, Alasady RA, Khudhair SA. Evaluation of urinary monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and serum cystatin C as markers for detection of diabetic nephropathy in comparison to albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) 2020.
30. Salh HJH, Aziz TA, Ahmed ZA, Mahwi TO. Association between albuminuria, glycated hemoglobin with comorbidities in type 2 diabetes patients: Experience in Sulaimani City, Iraq. Al-Rafidain J Med Sci 2024;6:1-8.
31. Raheem R, Al-Qaisi AHJ, Mohammed S. Assessment of serum apelin level in Iraqi type 2 diabetic nephropathy patients. Al-Nahrain J Sci 2023;26:18-23.
32. AlRheem SZ, Altareehee SWMA, Hassan HMM. Serum extracellular superoxide dismutase concentration in type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy: An investigation of the relationship, 2024.
33. Kostovska I, Tosheska-Trajkovska K, Topuzovska S, Cekovska S, Spasovski G, Kostovski O, et al. Urinary nephrin is earlier, more sensitive and specific marker of diabetic nephropathy than microalbuminuria. J Med Biochem 2020;39:83-90.
34. Veluri G, Mannangatti M. Urinary nephrin is a sensitive marker to predict early onset of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Lab Physicians 2022;14:497-504.
35. El Nagar AMT, Metwaly OEA, Nasrallah AAEM, Kamel LMM. Role of nephrinuria in early diagnosis of type 2 diabetic nephropathy at Zagazig University Hospitals. Egypt J Hosp Med 2022;87:2113-8.
36. Hassan AM, Kata FS. The role of the biomarkers interleukin-18 and transforming growth factor-beta-1 in predicting and detecting diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Pharm Negat Results 2022;13:243-9.
37. Chen J, Liu Q, He J, Li Y. Immune responses in diabetic nephropathy: Pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic target. Front Immunol 2022;13:958790.
38. Kadhim SH, Khakzad MR, Eshaghi A. Evaluation of the relationship between TGF-β expression and clinical symptoms in patients with diabetic nephropathy. J Pharm Negat Results 2023;14:211-26.
39. Van Nguyen T, Ngo KD, Thi MH, Dam LTP, Huynh TQ. Evaluating the serum transforming growth factor-beta 1 level in chronic kidney disease caused by glomerulonephritis. Nephro Urol Mon 2021;13:e117806.
40. Kulkarni AR, Bale CB, Wakhare PS, Shinde NS, Chavan AS, Dighe TA, et al. Study of the urinary TGF-β1 profile in diabetic nephropathy: A single-center experience from India. Cureus 2023;15:e45231.
41. Klimontov VV, Bulumbaeva DM, Fazullina ON, Lykov AP, Bgatova NP, Orlov NB, et al. Circulating Wnt1-inducible signaling pathway protein-1 (WISP-1/CCN4) is a novel biomarker of adiposity in subjects with type 2 diabetes. J Cell Commun Signal 2020;14:101-9.
42. Zhang RD, Shi M. Occurrence and development of diabetic nephropathy caused by CD63 by inhibiting Wnt-β-catenin signaling pathway. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2020;24:284-94.
43. Woodhams L, Sim TF, Chalmers L, Yeap B, Green D, Schlaich M, et al. Diabetic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes: A review of pathogenic mechanisms, patient-related factors and therapeutic options. PeerJ 2021;9:e11070.
44. Kondapi K, Kumar NL, Moorthy S, Silambanan S. A study of association of urinary nephrin with albuminuria in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Indian J Nephrol. 2021;31:142-8.
45. Shyamala Rajendran DSP, Natesan S, Rajendran S. Study to determine urinary nephrin as an earlier marker in diabetic nephropathy than microalbuminuria. Int J Life Sci Biotechnol Pharm Res 2023;4:1490-4
46. Elhammady AM, ELShafie HS, El Fallah AA, Khalil MA. Serum suPAR and urinary nephrin as novel sensitive and specific markers for diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 DM. Egypt J Hosp Med 2023;91:4373-9.
47. Hadad NS, Albrahimi N. Serum and urinary TGF-β1 in diabetic nephropathy patients. Med J Basrah Univ 2023;41:177-87.
48. Jasem AH, Haddad NS, Yaseen NT, Alrufaie MM. Association of TGF-β1 with cystatin-C in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Anaesth Pain Intensive Care 2024;28:151-4.
49. Rupprecht H, Catanese L, Amann K, Hengel FE, Huber TB, Latosinska A, et al. Assessment and risk prediction of chronic kidney disease and kidney fibrosis using non-invasive biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2024;25:3678.
50. Cheng Y, Du X, Zhang B, Zhang J. Increased serum WISP1 levels are associated with lower extremity atherosclerotic disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2022;130:248-53.
51. Chen Y, Li P, Lin M, Jiang Y, Tan G, Huang L, et al. Silencing of METTL3 prevents the proliferation, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and renal fibrosis of high glucose-induced HK2 cells by mediating WISP1 in m6A-dependent manner. Aging (Albany NY). 2024;16:1237-48.
52. Mezher MA, Al-Radeef MY, Salih KS. Roles of interleukins (interleukin-18 and interleukin-17a) and transforming growth factor-beta markers in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney diseases. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2023;14:229-34.
53. Sanabria-de la Torre R, García-Fontana C, González-Salvatierra S, Andújar-Vera F, Martínez-Heredia L, García-Fontana B, et al. The contribution of Wnt signaling to vascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2022;23:6995.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 63 No 3 (2025) | |
| Section | Original Articles | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/acta.v63i3.19718 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Diabetes mellitus type 2 Diabetic nephropathy Nephrin Wnt Inducible Signaling Protein-1 Transforming growth factor-β | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Hliel AK, Ahmed HF, Abdul-Hussein H. Estimation of Some Biomarkers in Type 2 Diabetic Patients for Detection Early Incidence of Diabetic Nephropathy. Acta Med Iran. 2025;63(3):180-191.
