Assessment of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in Emergency Department in Iraq
,
Abstract
Depression is a serious medical condition that affects a person’s feelings, thought, and how to behaves. It causes sadness, hopelessness, and helplessness, interfering with daily activities (1). Anxiety is a normal emotion that anyone experiences from time to time that range from mild to severe of worry or fear. The study's objective was to assess anxiety and depression in a sample of worker in an emergency Department worker in middle and south of Iraq. The workers in an emergency department in hospitals of middle and south of Iraq who deal with a lot of stress and under pressure most of day are sample of this study which designs to assess anxiety and depression in these workers, surely who accepted to participate in this study between Jan to May 2023 by using Hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADs) in Arabic was employed. The workers in an emergency department were more than half of them associated with significant anxiety and depression due to their works under pressure in hospitals. In conclusion, this study showed elevated risk of depression and anxiety among the emergency Department staff, and this elevated directly proportional to nature of work, Economic status, age and Level of education for worker.
1. Bee R, Ahmad M, Verma S. An Insight through Various Models being used for Assessment of Depression and its Management at Primary Level in Current Scenario. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2023;22:884-91.
2. Guerrera CS, Platania GA, Boccaccio FM, Sarti P, Varrasi S, Colliva C, et al. The dynamic interaction between symptoms and pharmacological treatment in patients with major depressive disorder: the role of network intervention analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2023;23:885.
3. Alfaifi F, Elmahdy M, El-Setouhy MA, Alfaifi A. Prevalence of Depression Among Older Adults Visiting the Primary Healthcare Centers in Jizan City, Saudi Arabia: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2024;16:e52847.
4. Dominguez Huarcaya LR, Dominguez Ríos MF, Mohammadi MR, Rahimi Z. The role of microglia in depression. Cell Mol Biomed Rep 2024;4:74-87.
5. Torrey EF, Simmons WW, Hancq ES, Snook J. The Continuing Decline of Clinical Research on Serious Mental Illnesses at NIMH. Psychiatr Serv (Washington, DC) 2021;72:1342-4.
6. Terlizzi EP, Schiller JS. Mental Health Treatment Among Adults Aged 18-44: United States, 2019-2021. NCHS Data Brief 2022:1-8.
7. Iobst SE, Novak P, Ali MM. Use of Behavioral Health Treatment Among Parenting Women With Opioid Use Disorder in the United States. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2024;53:355-67.
8. Bucca A, Ullrich L, Rahman A, Smith C, Johnson M, Allanson-Dundon A, et al. Unmasking the Truth of Health Care Workers' Well-being During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Crit Care Nurse 2022;42:20-6.
9. Serrao C, Martins V, Ribeiro C, Maia P, Pinho R, Teixeira A, et al. Professional Quality of Life Among Physicians and Nurses Working in Portuguese Hospitals During the Third Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychol 2022;13:814109.
10. Budzynska N, Morys J. Anxiety and Depression Levels and Coping Strategies among Polish Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023;20:3319.
11. Sarvandian S, Hosseinpour S, Hoseinynejad K, Davasaz Irani R, Pakseresht S, Rahimi Z. Mental health status in healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic: An online questionnaire study in the southwest Iran. PLoS One 2024;19:e0298058.
12. Tarcan M, Hikmet N, Schooley B, Top M, Tarcan GY. An analysis of the relationship between burnout, socio-demographic and workplace factors and job satisfaction among emergency department health professionals. Appl Nurs Res 2017;34:40-7.
13. Makowicz D, Lisowicz K, Bryniarski K, Dziubaszewska R, Makowicz N, Dobrowolska B. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on job satisfaction among professionally active nurses in five European countries. Front Public Health 2022;10:1006049.
14. Alnajdawi AM, Alsawalqa RO, Alrawashdeh MN. Suicidal ideation and their relationship with job satisfaction and job strain among Jordanian hospitals' healthcare professionals: a cross-sectional study. Front Public Health 2024;12:1393867.
15. Quesada-Puga C, Izquierdo-Espin FJ, Membrive-Jimenez MJ, Aguayo-Estremera R, Canadas-De La Fuente GA, Romero-Bejar JL, et al. Job satisfaction and burnout syndrome among intensive-care unit nurses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 2024;82:103660.
16. Rotenstein LS, Ramos MA, Torre M, Segal JB, Peluso MJ, Guille C, et al. Prevalence of depression, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation among medical students: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2016;316:2214-36.
17. Miceli M, Castelfranchi C. Anxiety as an “epistemic” emotion: An uncertainty theory of anxiety. Anxiety Stress Coping 2005;18:291-319.
18. Singh A, Kumar D. Computer assisted identification of stress, anxiety, depression (SAD) in students: A state-of-the-art review. Med Eng Phys 2022;110:103900.
19. Newburn R. Obsessive Compulsive Disorders in the Primary Care Setting. Prim Care 2023;50:119-25.
20. Yadav S, Delau O, Bonner AJ, Markovic D, Patterson W, Ottey S, et al. Direct economic burden of mental health disorders associated with polycystic ovary syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Elife 2023;12:e85338.
21. Grezenko H, Rodoshi ZN, Mimms CS, Ahmed M, Sabani A, Hlaing MS, et al. From Alzheimer's Disease to Anxiety, Epilepsy to Schizophrenia: A Comprehensive Dive Into Neuro-Psychiatric Disorders. Cureus 2024;16:e58776.
22. Lu G, Xiao S, He J, Xie W, Ge W, Meng F, et al. Prevalence of depression and its correlation with anxiety, headache and sleep disorders among medical staff in the Hainan Province of China. Front Public Health 2023;11:1122626.
23. Sun W, Xia L, Ji C, Wei Q, Zhang J, He S, et al. Relationship between covid-pandemic anxiety and sleep disorder with menstrual disorders among female medical workers. BMC Womens Health 2023;23:210.
24. Nazeema A, Lowton K, Tenea Z, Anic A, Jayrajh P. Study of burnout and depressive symptoms in doctors at a central level, state hospital. S Afr J Psychiatr 2023;29:1866.
25. Gong Y, Han T, Chen W, Dib HH, Yang G, Zhuang R, et al. Prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms and related risk factors among physicians in China: a cross-sectional study. PloS One 2014;9:e103242.
26. Wurst F, Rumpf HJ, Thon N, Beschoner P. Physician Health: Results and Caveats from Surveys in Austria, Switzerland and Germany. Eur Psychiatr 2022;65:S24-S5.
27. Messer J, Tzartzas K, Marion-Veyron R, Cohidon C. A cross-sectional study of the prevalence and determinants of common mental health problems in primary care in Switzerland. Int J Public Health 2023;68:1606368.
28. Terkawi AS, Tsang S, AlKahtani GJ, Al-Mousa SH, Al Musaed S, AlZoraigi US, et al. Development and validation of Arabic version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Saudi J Anaesth 2017;11:S11-8.
29. Okud A, Zareen H, AlSaif H, Alsayil H, Alrashed M, Alhejji A, et al. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice About Emergency Contraception Among Saudi Women of Childbearing Age of Eastern Region in Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2023;15:e49737.
30. Kawakubo A, Oguchi T. What Promotes the Happiness of Vacationers? A Focus on Vacation Experiences for Japanese People During Winter Vacation. Front Sports Act Living 2022;4:872084.
31. Polan RM, Mattei LH, Barber EL. The Motherhood Penalty in Obstetrics and Gynecology Training. Obstet Gynecol 2022;139:9-13.
32. Ng YY, Muhamad R, Ahmad I. Sexual dysfunction among six months postpartum women in north-eastern Malaysia. PLoS One 2023;18:e0284014.
33. Salman N, Batman KA, Sorakin Y. The needs analysis of the marriage education program for Turkish Cypriot community: Development phase. Front Psychol 2022;13:963305.
34. Sandoval MH, Alvear Portaccio ME. Marital Status, Living Arrangements and Mortality at Older Ages in Chile, 2004-2016. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022;19:13733.
35. Zhao J, Law CK, Kelly M, Yiengprugsawan V, Seubsman SA, Sleigh A. How do cohabitation and marital status affect mortality risk? Results from a cohort study in Thailand. BMJ Open 2022;12:e062811.
36. Skirbekk V, Bowen CE, Haberg A, Jugessur A, Engdahl B, Bratsberg B, et al. Marital Histories and Associations With Later-Life Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment Risk in the HUNT4 70+ Study in Norway. J Aging Health 2023;35:543-55.
37. Hagen JR, Weller R, Mair TS, Batt-Williams S, Kinnison T. Survey investigating factors affecting recruitment and retention in the UK veterinary nursing profession. Vet Rec 2022;191:e2078.
38. Almaghaslah D, Alsayari A. A cross-sectional study on Saudi pharmacists working as medical representatives: What attracted them and what is keeping them in this sector-Misconceptions and reality. Front Public Health 2023;11:996536.
39. Harris NA, Mulkey EK, Rezazadeh S, Smitley MC, Montalvo AM. Post-Pandemic Changes to Employment and Employment Satisfaction in Early Career and Career Advancing Athletic Trainers. J Athl Train 2024.
40. Mullens F, Laurijssen I. An organizational working time reduction and its impact on three domains of mental well-being of employees: a panel study. BMC Public Health 2024;24:1727.
41. Feng B, Bian H, Zhang K, Meng C, Gong X, Ma X, et al. The workload change and depression among emergency medical staff after the open policy during COVID-19: a cross-sectional survey in Shandong, China. Front Public Health 2023;11:1281787.
42. Yuan Y, Peng C, Burr JA, Lapane KL. Frailty, cognitive impairment, and depressive symptoms in Chinese older adults: an eight-year multi-trajectory analysis. BMC Geriatr 2023;23:843.
43. Fahrenkopf AM, Sectish TC, Barger LK, Sharek PJ, Lewin D, Chiang VW, et al. Rates of medication errors among depressed and burnt out residents: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2008;336:488-91.
44. Takahashi T, Ekoyama S, Tachikawa H, Midorikawa H, Shiratori Y, Ota M, et al. Mental Health of Caregivers Working in Nursing Homes during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2022;51:233-40.
45. Tang L, Yu XT, Wu YW, Zhao N, Liang RL, Gao XL, et al. Burnout, depression, anxiety and insomnia among medical staff during the COVID-19 epidemic in Shanghai. Front Public Health 2022;10:1019635.
46. Xie H, Huang X, Zhang Q, Wei Y, Zeng X, Chang F, et al. The Prevalence of and Factors Associated With Anxiety and Depression Among Working-Age Adults in Mainland China at the Early Remission Stage of the Coronavirus 2019 Pandemic. Front Psychol 2022;13:839852.
47. Stahl-Gugger A, Hämmig O. Prevalence and health correlates of workplace violence and discrimination–a cross-sectional study among hospital employees in Switzerland. BMC Health Serv Res 2021;22:291.
48. Fond G, Boulangeat C, Messiaen M, Duba A, Boucekine M, Auquier P, et al. Anxiety and depression in young physicians: Prevalence and associated factors. The MESSIAEN national study. Encephale 2022;48:26-30.
49. Białek K. The prevalence and associated factors of anxiety and depression symptoms among critical care physicians. Medical Studies/Studia Medyczne 2021;37:131-9.
50. Bjelland I, Krokstad S, Mykletun A, Dahl AA, Tell GS, Tambs K. Does a higher educational level protect against anxiety and depression? The HUNT study. Soc Sci Med 2008;66:1334-45.
51. McFarland MJ, Wagner BG. Does a college education reduce depressive symptoms in American young adults? Soc Sci Med 2015;146:75-84.
52. Mac-Ginty S, Lira D, Lillo I, Moraga E, Caceres C, Araya R, et al. Association Between Socioeconomic Position and Depression, Anxiety and Eating Disorders in University Students: A Systematic Review. Adolescent Res Rev 2024;9:435-51.
2. Guerrera CS, Platania GA, Boccaccio FM, Sarti P, Varrasi S, Colliva C, et al. The dynamic interaction between symptoms and pharmacological treatment in patients with major depressive disorder: the role of network intervention analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2023;23:885.
3. Alfaifi F, Elmahdy M, El-Setouhy MA, Alfaifi A. Prevalence of Depression Among Older Adults Visiting the Primary Healthcare Centers in Jizan City, Saudi Arabia: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2024;16:e52847.
4. Dominguez Huarcaya LR, Dominguez Ríos MF, Mohammadi MR, Rahimi Z. The role of microglia in depression. Cell Mol Biomed Rep 2024;4:74-87.
5. Torrey EF, Simmons WW, Hancq ES, Snook J. The Continuing Decline of Clinical Research on Serious Mental Illnesses at NIMH. Psychiatr Serv (Washington, DC) 2021;72:1342-4.
6. Terlizzi EP, Schiller JS. Mental Health Treatment Among Adults Aged 18-44: United States, 2019-2021. NCHS Data Brief 2022:1-8.
7. Iobst SE, Novak P, Ali MM. Use of Behavioral Health Treatment Among Parenting Women With Opioid Use Disorder in the United States. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2024;53:355-67.
8. Bucca A, Ullrich L, Rahman A, Smith C, Johnson M, Allanson-Dundon A, et al. Unmasking the Truth of Health Care Workers' Well-being During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Crit Care Nurse 2022;42:20-6.
9. Serrao C, Martins V, Ribeiro C, Maia P, Pinho R, Teixeira A, et al. Professional Quality of Life Among Physicians and Nurses Working in Portuguese Hospitals During the Third Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychol 2022;13:814109.
10. Budzynska N, Morys J. Anxiety and Depression Levels and Coping Strategies among Polish Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023;20:3319.
11. Sarvandian S, Hosseinpour S, Hoseinynejad K, Davasaz Irani R, Pakseresht S, Rahimi Z. Mental health status in healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic: An online questionnaire study in the southwest Iran. PLoS One 2024;19:e0298058.
12. Tarcan M, Hikmet N, Schooley B, Top M, Tarcan GY. An analysis of the relationship between burnout, socio-demographic and workplace factors and job satisfaction among emergency department health professionals. Appl Nurs Res 2017;34:40-7.
13. Makowicz D, Lisowicz K, Bryniarski K, Dziubaszewska R, Makowicz N, Dobrowolska B. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on job satisfaction among professionally active nurses in five European countries. Front Public Health 2022;10:1006049.
14. Alnajdawi AM, Alsawalqa RO, Alrawashdeh MN. Suicidal ideation and their relationship with job satisfaction and job strain among Jordanian hospitals' healthcare professionals: a cross-sectional study. Front Public Health 2024;12:1393867.
15. Quesada-Puga C, Izquierdo-Espin FJ, Membrive-Jimenez MJ, Aguayo-Estremera R, Canadas-De La Fuente GA, Romero-Bejar JL, et al. Job satisfaction and burnout syndrome among intensive-care unit nurses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 2024;82:103660.
16. Rotenstein LS, Ramos MA, Torre M, Segal JB, Peluso MJ, Guille C, et al. Prevalence of depression, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation among medical students: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2016;316:2214-36.
17. Miceli M, Castelfranchi C. Anxiety as an “epistemic” emotion: An uncertainty theory of anxiety. Anxiety Stress Coping 2005;18:291-319.
18. Singh A, Kumar D. Computer assisted identification of stress, anxiety, depression (SAD) in students: A state-of-the-art review. Med Eng Phys 2022;110:103900.
19. Newburn R. Obsessive Compulsive Disorders in the Primary Care Setting. Prim Care 2023;50:119-25.
20. Yadav S, Delau O, Bonner AJ, Markovic D, Patterson W, Ottey S, et al. Direct economic burden of mental health disorders associated with polycystic ovary syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Elife 2023;12:e85338.
21. Grezenko H, Rodoshi ZN, Mimms CS, Ahmed M, Sabani A, Hlaing MS, et al. From Alzheimer's Disease to Anxiety, Epilepsy to Schizophrenia: A Comprehensive Dive Into Neuro-Psychiatric Disorders. Cureus 2024;16:e58776.
22. Lu G, Xiao S, He J, Xie W, Ge W, Meng F, et al. Prevalence of depression and its correlation with anxiety, headache and sleep disorders among medical staff in the Hainan Province of China. Front Public Health 2023;11:1122626.
23. Sun W, Xia L, Ji C, Wei Q, Zhang J, He S, et al. Relationship between covid-pandemic anxiety and sleep disorder with menstrual disorders among female medical workers. BMC Womens Health 2023;23:210.
24. Nazeema A, Lowton K, Tenea Z, Anic A, Jayrajh P. Study of burnout and depressive symptoms in doctors at a central level, state hospital. S Afr J Psychiatr 2023;29:1866.
25. Gong Y, Han T, Chen W, Dib HH, Yang G, Zhuang R, et al. Prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms and related risk factors among physicians in China: a cross-sectional study. PloS One 2014;9:e103242.
26. Wurst F, Rumpf HJ, Thon N, Beschoner P. Physician Health: Results and Caveats from Surveys in Austria, Switzerland and Germany. Eur Psychiatr 2022;65:S24-S5.
27. Messer J, Tzartzas K, Marion-Veyron R, Cohidon C. A cross-sectional study of the prevalence and determinants of common mental health problems in primary care in Switzerland. Int J Public Health 2023;68:1606368.
28. Terkawi AS, Tsang S, AlKahtani GJ, Al-Mousa SH, Al Musaed S, AlZoraigi US, et al. Development and validation of Arabic version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Saudi J Anaesth 2017;11:S11-8.
29. Okud A, Zareen H, AlSaif H, Alsayil H, Alrashed M, Alhejji A, et al. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice About Emergency Contraception Among Saudi Women of Childbearing Age of Eastern Region in Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2023;15:e49737.
30. Kawakubo A, Oguchi T. What Promotes the Happiness of Vacationers? A Focus on Vacation Experiences for Japanese People During Winter Vacation. Front Sports Act Living 2022;4:872084.
31. Polan RM, Mattei LH, Barber EL. The Motherhood Penalty in Obstetrics and Gynecology Training. Obstet Gynecol 2022;139:9-13.
32. Ng YY, Muhamad R, Ahmad I. Sexual dysfunction among six months postpartum women in north-eastern Malaysia. PLoS One 2023;18:e0284014.
33. Salman N, Batman KA, Sorakin Y. The needs analysis of the marriage education program for Turkish Cypriot community: Development phase. Front Psychol 2022;13:963305.
34. Sandoval MH, Alvear Portaccio ME. Marital Status, Living Arrangements and Mortality at Older Ages in Chile, 2004-2016. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022;19:13733.
35. Zhao J, Law CK, Kelly M, Yiengprugsawan V, Seubsman SA, Sleigh A. How do cohabitation and marital status affect mortality risk? Results from a cohort study in Thailand. BMJ Open 2022;12:e062811.
36. Skirbekk V, Bowen CE, Haberg A, Jugessur A, Engdahl B, Bratsberg B, et al. Marital Histories and Associations With Later-Life Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment Risk in the HUNT4 70+ Study in Norway. J Aging Health 2023;35:543-55.
37. Hagen JR, Weller R, Mair TS, Batt-Williams S, Kinnison T. Survey investigating factors affecting recruitment and retention in the UK veterinary nursing profession. Vet Rec 2022;191:e2078.
38. Almaghaslah D, Alsayari A. A cross-sectional study on Saudi pharmacists working as medical representatives: What attracted them and what is keeping them in this sector-Misconceptions and reality. Front Public Health 2023;11:996536.
39. Harris NA, Mulkey EK, Rezazadeh S, Smitley MC, Montalvo AM. Post-Pandemic Changes to Employment and Employment Satisfaction in Early Career and Career Advancing Athletic Trainers. J Athl Train 2024.
40. Mullens F, Laurijssen I. An organizational working time reduction and its impact on three domains of mental well-being of employees: a panel study. BMC Public Health 2024;24:1727.
41. Feng B, Bian H, Zhang K, Meng C, Gong X, Ma X, et al. The workload change and depression among emergency medical staff after the open policy during COVID-19: a cross-sectional survey in Shandong, China. Front Public Health 2023;11:1281787.
42. Yuan Y, Peng C, Burr JA, Lapane KL. Frailty, cognitive impairment, and depressive symptoms in Chinese older adults: an eight-year multi-trajectory analysis. BMC Geriatr 2023;23:843.
43. Fahrenkopf AM, Sectish TC, Barger LK, Sharek PJ, Lewin D, Chiang VW, et al. Rates of medication errors among depressed and burnt out residents: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2008;336:488-91.
44. Takahashi T, Ekoyama S, Tachikawa H, Midorikawa H, Shiratori Y, Ota M, et al. Mental Health of Caregivers Working in Nursing Homes during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2022;51:233-40.
45. Tang L, Yu XT, Wu YW, Zhao N, Liang RL, Gao XL, et al. Burnout, depression, anxiety and insomnia among medical staff during the COVID-19 epidemic in Shanghai. Front Public Health 2022;10:1019635.
46. Xie H, Huang X, Zhang Q, Wei Y, Zeng X, Chang F, et al. The Prevalence of and Factors Associated With Anxiety and Depression Among Working-Age Adults in Mainland China at the Early Remission Stage of the Coronavirus 2019 Pandemic. Front Psychol 2022;13:839852.
47. Stahl-Gugger A, Hämmig O. Prevalence and health correlates of workplace violence and discrimination–a cross-sectional study among hospital employees in Switzerland. BMC Health Serv Res 2021;22:291.
48. Fond G, Boulangeat C, Messiaen M, Duba A, Boucekine M, Auquier P, et al. Anxiety and depression in young physicians: Prevalence and associated factors. The MESSIAEN national study. Encephale 2022;48:26-30.
49. Białek K. The prevalence and associated factors of anxiety and depression symptoms among critical care physicians. Medical Studies/Studia Medyczne 2021;37:131-9.
50. Bjelland I, Krokstad S, Mykletun A, Dahl AA, Tell GS, Tambs K. Does a higher educational level protect against anxiety and depression? The HUNT study. Soc Sci Med 2008;66:1334-45.
51. McFarland MJ, Wagner BG. Does a college education reduce depressive symptoms in American young adults? Soc Sci Med 2015;146:75-84.
52. Mac-Ginty S, Lira D, Lillo I, Moraga E, Caceres C, Araya R, et al. Association Between Socioeconomic Position and Depression, Anxiety and Eating Disorders in University Students: A Systematic Review. Adolescent Res Rev 2024;9:435-51.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 62 No 4 (2024) | |
| Section | Original Articles | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/acta.v62i4.17435 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Depression Anxiety Emergency department Psychological stress Healthcare workers | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Najaf H, Hasan R, Hammod N, Hasan S. Assessment of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in Emergency Department in Iraq. Acta Med Iran. 2024;62(4):218-226.
