Original Article

Evaluation of Depression in HIV/AIDS Patients Refering to Behavioral Counselling Center of Imam Khomeini Hospital

Abstract

HIV/AIDS because of its transmission methods has cultural, social and psychiatric impacts on patients especially in Islamic countries. We investigated depression frequency in an Iranian referral center for HIV/AIDS patients. All patients attending the counseling centre of Imam Khomeini Hospital during 2006 and 2007 who agreed to participate were enrolled. Depression was measured by Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) questionnaire. Patients with score 15 and above were considered depressed. 199 patients (27 female; age 37.9‏ ± 9.5) filled the questionnaire. BDI-II scores 13 and above and 15 and above were detected in 74/1% and 71/7% of patients, respectively. We observed statistically significant relationship between depression (as defined by BDI-II score > 15) and CD4 count, duration of diagnosed seropositivity, history of depression in the patients and his/her family, imprisonment, job status and education level. The relationship between depression and addiction was not statistically significant. The observed frequency of depression in our study (74%) is one of the highest ever reported. we recommend regular psychiatric visits for these patients in Islamic countries.

UNAIDS head: World is losing HIV fight [Online]. Updated 2006 May 30 [cited Mar 2009]; Available from: URL: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2006-05/30/content_604431.htm

Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, editors. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2005.

Published Statistics in Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Education. HIV/AIDS Center, 1986.

Bing EG, Burnam MA, Longshore D, Fleishman JA, Sherbourne CD, London AS, et al. Psychiatric disorders and drug use among human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults in the United States. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58(8): 721-8.

Asch SM, Kilbourne AM, Gifford AL, Burnam MA, Turner B, Shapiro MF, et al. Underdiagnosis of depression in HIV: who are we missing? J Gen Intern Med 2003; 18(6): 450-60.

Sharp LK, Lipsky MS. Screening for depression across the lifespan: a review of measures for use in primary care settings. Am Fam Physician 2002; 66(6): 1001-8.

Mohammadi MR, Davidian H, Noorbala AA, MalekafzaliH, Naghavi HR, Pouretemad HR, et al. An epidemiological survey of psychiatric disorders in Iran. Clin Pract Epidemol Ment Health 2005; 1: 16.

Weiser SD, Riley ED, Ragland K, Hammer G, Clark R, Bangsberg DR. Brief report: Factors associated with depression among homeless and marginally housed HIVinfected men in San Francisco. J Gen Intern Med 2006; 21(1): 61-4.

Ickovics JR, Hamburger ME, Vlahov D, Schoenbaum EE, Schuman P, Boland RJ, et al. Mortality, CD4 cell count decline, and depressive symptoms among HIV-seropositive women: longitudinal analysis from the HIV Epidemiology Research Study. JAMA 2001; 285(11): 1466-74.

Tucker JS, Burnam MA, Sherbourne CD, Kung FY, Gifford AL. Substance use and mental health correlates of nonadherence to antiretroviral medications in a sample of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Med 2003; 114(7): 573-80.

Cook JA, Cohen MH, Burke J, Grey D, Anastos K, Kirstein L, et al. Effects of depressive symptoms and mentalhealth quality of life on use of highly active antiretroviral therapy among HIV-seropositive women. J Acquir ImmuneDefic Syndr 2002; 30(4): 401-9.

Katz MH, Douglas JM Jr, Bolan GA, Marx R, Sweat M, Park MS, et al. Depression and use of mental health services among HIV-infected men. AIDS Care 1996; 8(4): 433-42.

Sambamoorthi U, Walkup J, Olfson M, Crystal S. Antidepressant treatment and health services utilization among HIV-infected medicaid patients diagnosed with depression. J Gen Intern Med 2000; 15(5): 311-20.

Turner BJ, Laine C, Cosler L, Hauck WW. Relationship of gender, depression, and health care delivery with antiretroviral adherence in HIV-infected drug users. J Gen Intern Med 2003; 18(4): 248-57.

Judd F, Komiti A, Chua P, Mijch A, Hoy J, Grech P, et al. Nature of depression in patients with HIV/AIDS. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2005; 39(9): 826-32.

Burack JH, Barrett DC, Stall RD, Chesney MA, Ekstrand ML, Coates TJ. Depressive symptoms and CD4 lymphocyte decline among HIV-infected men. JAMA 1993; 270(21): 2568-73.

Sledjeski EM, Delahanty DL, Bogart LM. Incidence and impact of posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid depression on adherence to HAART and CD4+ counts in people living with HIV. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2005; 19(11): 728-36.

Richardson JL, Nowicki M, Danley K, Martin EM, Cohen MH, Gonzalez R, et al. Neuropsychological functioning in a cohort of HIV- and hepatitis C virus-infected women. AIDS 2005; 19(15): 1659-67.

Riley ED, Wu AW, Perry S, Clark RA, Moss AR, Crane J, et al. Depression and drug use impact health status among marginally housed HIV-infected individuals. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2003; 17(8): 401-6.

Gibbie T, Mijch A, Ellen S, Hoy J, Hutchison C, Wright E, et al. Depression and neurocognitive performance in individuals with HIV/AIDS: 2-year follow-up. HIV Med 2006; 7(2): 112-21.

Files
IssueVol 47, No 3 (2009) QRcode
SectionOriginal Article(s)
Keywords
Depression HIV AIDS Iran questionnaires
Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
1.
Emadi Khochak H, Noorifard M, Kashi AH, Arbabi M, Kheirandish P, Moradmand Badie B, Rasoolinejad M. Evaluation of Depression in HIV/AIDS Patients Refering to Behavioral Counselling Center of Imam Khomeini Hospital. Acta Med Iran. 1;47(3):193-196.