Cytomegalovirus Co-Infection in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Iran
-
Farhad Mehrkhani
,
Sara Jam
,
Duman Sabzvari
,
Fatemeh Fattahi
,
Zahra Kourorian
,
SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi
,
Hossain Jabbari
,
Minoo Mohraz
Abstract
Serum samples from 201 HIV positive patients were collected to determine the seroprevalence of CMV infection in Iranian HIV infected patients during March 2004 until March 2005 using conventional ELISA kits. An antibody level of >1.1 Iu/ml was considered positive. The seroprevalence of CMV infection was 94%.The maximum prevalence of CMV antibody was seen in patients with unsafe sex and IDUs. Prevalence of CMV was much higher in patients with low socioeconomic status and low level of education. 83% of patients with CD4<100 were CMV seropositive. Our study showed that a significantly high prevalence of CMV in HIV positive patients in Iran. By increasing the level of education and socioeconomic status the prevalence of CMV infection decreased.
Sinclair J, Sissons P. Latent and persistent infections of monocytes and macrophages. Intervirology 1996;39(5-6):293-301.
Krech U. Complement-fixing antibodies against cytomegalovirus in different parts of the world. Bull World Health Organ 1973;49(1):103-6.
Jackson JB, Erice A, Englund JA, Edson JR, Balfour HH Jr. Prevalence of cytomegalovirus antibody in hemophiliacs and homosexuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Transfusion 1988;28(2):187-9.
de Jong MD, Galasso GJ, Gazzard B, Griffiths PD, Jabs DA, Kern ER, Spector SA. Summary of the II International Symposium on Cytomegalovirus. Antiviral Res 1998;39(3):141-62.
Grefte A, van der Giessen M, van Son W, The TH. Circulating cytomegalovirus (CMV)-infected endothelial cells in patients with an active CMV infection. J Infect Dis 1993;167(2):270-7.
Hahn G, Jores R, Mocarski ES. Cytomegalovirus remains latent in a common precursor of dendritic and myeloid cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998;95(7):3937-42.
Mintz L, Drew WL, Miner RC, Braff EH. Cytomegalovirus infections in homosexual men. An epidemiological study. Ann Intern Med 1983;99(3):326-9.
Drew WL, Sweet ES, Miner RC, Mocarski ES. Multiple infections by cytomegalovirus in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: documentation by Southern blot hybridization. J Infect Dis 1984;150(6):952-3.
Siadati A, Noorbakhsh S, Ghazi F, Rimaz SH, Monavari MR. Cytomegalovirus infection in primiparous pregnant women and their neonates. Acta Med Iran 2002;40(3):136-9.
Demmler GJ, Buffone GJ, Schimbor CM, May RA. Detection of cytomegalovirus in urine from newborns by using polymerase chain reaction DNA amplification. J Infect Dis 1988;158(6):1177-84.
Drew WL. Cytomegalovirus infection in patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1992;14(2):608-15.
McCutchan JA. Cytomegalovirus infections of the nervous system in patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis= 1995;20(4):747-54.
Kempen JH, Jabs DA, Wilson LA, Dunn JP, West SK, Tonascia J. Mortality risk for patients with= cytomegalovirus retinitis and acquired immune deficiencysyndrome. Clin Infect Dis 2003;37(10):1365-73.
1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. MMWR Recomm Rep 1992;41(RR-17):1-19.
Drew WL. Diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection. Rev Infect Dis 1988;10 Suppl 3:S468-76.
Drew WL. Cytomegalovirus infection in patients with AIDS. J Infect Dis 1988;158(2):449-56.
Salmon-Céron D. Primary and secondary prevention of cytomegalovirus infections in immunocompromised patients. Ann Med Interne (Paris) 1997;148(3):246-54.
Clarke LM, Duerr A, Feldman J, Sierra MF, Daidone BJ, Landesman SH. Factors associated with cytomegalovirus infection among human immunodeficiency virus type 1- seronegative and -seropositive women from an urban minority community. J Infect Dis 1996;173(1):77-82.
Hirsch MS. Cytomegalovirus and human herpes virus types 6,7,8. In: Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, editors. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 16th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2005. p. 1049.
Moddaress S, Moddaress SH, Determination of CMV infection in infants and mothers in Tehran. 6th International Congress of Pediatrics, Tehran, Iran, 1994.
el-Nawawy A, Soliman AT, el Azzouni O, Amer el-S, Karim MA, Demian S, et al. Maternal and neonatal prevalence of toxoplasma and cytomegalovirus (CMV) antibodies and hepatitis-B antigens in an Egyptian rural area. J Trop Pediatr 1996;42(3):154-7.
Emery VC. Cytomegalovirus and the aging population. Drugs Aging 2001;18(12):927-33.
Alford CA, Stagno S, Pass RF, Britt WJ. Congenital and perinatal cytomegalovirus infections. Rev Infect Dis 1990;12 Suppl 7:S745-53.
de Jong MD, Galasso GJ, Gazzard B, Griffiths PD, Jabs DA, Kern ER, et al. Summary of the II International Symposium on Cytomegalovirus. Antiviral Res 1998;39(3):141-62.
Nissapatorn V, Lee CK, Rohela M, Anuar AK. Spectrum of opportunistic infections among HIV-infected patients in Malaysia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2004;35 Suppl 2:26-32.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 49, No 8 (2011) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Cytomegalovirus infection HIV Iran | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
