Neoplasia from Genetic Point of View
Abstract
Cancer is a genetic-epigenetic based disease which contains a complex of alterations that cause irreversible transformation of cells with a new anarchic behavior. Tumor suppressor inactivation and/or oncogene activation will lead to tumorigenesis. Based on the genetic alteration in germ or somatic cells, the affected person will have a different fate of cancer incidence or inheritable cancer susceptibility syndrome. Knowing the mechanism of molecular and cytogenetic alterations in cancer will give an advantage in finding more practical approaches to cancer management. In this review, the cancer genetics is discussed from different aspects.
Futreal P, Coin L, Marshall M, Down T, Hubbard T, Wooster R, Rahman N, Stratton MR. A census of human cancer genes. Nat Rev Cancer 2004;4(3):177-83
Strausberg RL, Simpson AJ, Old LJ, Riggins GJ. Oncogenomics and the development of new cancer therapies. Nature 2004;429(6990):469-74.
Foulkes WD. Inherited susceptibility to common cancers. N Engl J Med 2008;359:2148.
Gout S, Huot J. Role of Cancer Microenvironment in Metastasis: Focus on Colon Cancer. Cancer Microenvironment 2008;1(1):69-83.
De Wever O, Mareel M. Role of tissue stroma in cancer cell invasion. J Pathol 2003;200(4):429-47.
Croce C. Oncogenes and cancer. N Engl J Med 2008;358(5):502-11.
Sherr C. Principles of tumor suppression. Cell 2004;116(2):235-46.
Weinstein I, Joe A. Mechanisms of disease: Oncogene addiction-a rationale for molecular targeting in cancer therapy. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 2006;3(8):448-57.
Knudson A. Mutation and Cancer: Statistical Study of Retinoblastoma. Proc Natl Acad of Sci USA 1971;68(4):820-3.
Zilfou J, Lowe S. Tumor suppressive functions of p53. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2009;1(5): a001883.
Frolov M, Dyson N. Molecular mechanisms of E2Fdependent activation and pRB-mediated repression. J Cell Sci 2004;117(Pt 11):2173-81.
Hohenstein P, Hastie N. The many facets of the Wilms' tumour gene, WT1. Hum Mol Genet 2006;15(2):R196-201.
Hannan F, Ho I, Tong J, Zhu Y, Nurnberg P, Zhong Y. Effect of neurofibromatosis type I mutations on a novel pathway for adenylyl cyclase activation requiring neurofibromin and Ras. Hum Mol Genet 2006;15(7):1087-98.
Fearnhead N, Britton M, Bodmer W. The ABC of APC. Hum Mol Genet 2001;10(7):721-33.
Carvalho AL, Chuang A, Jiang WW, Lee J, Begum S, Poeta L, Zhao M, Jerónimo C, Henrique R, Nayak CS, Park HL, Brait MR, Liu C, Zhou S, Koch W, Fazio VM, Ratovitski E, Trink B, Westra W, Sidransky D, Moon CS, Califano JA. Deleted in colorectal cancer is a putative conditional tumor-suppressor gene inactivated by promoter hypermethylation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 2006;66(19):9401-7.
schmidt C. Yuan Chang and Patrick Moore: Teaming Up To Hunt Down Cancer-Causing Viruses. J Natl Cancer Inst2008;100(8):524-5.
Gallo R. History of the discoveries of the first human retroviruses: HTLV-1 and HTLV-2. Oncogene 2005;24(39):5926-30.
Kurth R, Bannert N. Retroviruses: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Pathogenesis. 1st edition. Caister Academic Press; 2010.
Coulie P, Hanagiri T, Takenoyama M. From tumor antigens to immunotherapy. Int J Clin Oncol 2001;6(4):163-70.
Soto AM, Sonnenschein C. The somatic mutation theory of cancer: growing problems with the paradigm? Bioessays 2004;26(10):1097-107.
Azimi C, Abbasi S. Genetic polymorphisms in the estrogen receptor-α gene, codon 325(CCC-CCG) and risk of breast cancer among Iranian women: a case control study. Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran 2009;23(2):75-82.
Abbasi S, Ismail P, Othman F, Rosli R, Ousati Ashtiani Z, Azimi C. Estrogen receptor-α gene, codon 10(T392C) polymorphism in Iranian women with breast cancer: A case study. Trends in Molecular Sciences 2009;1(1):1-10.
Abbasi S, Ismail P, Othman F, Rosli R, Azimi C. Estrogen receptor-α gene, codon 594(G3242A) polymorphism among Iranian women with breast cancer: A case control study. Asian Journal of Scientific Research 2009;2(1):51-60.
Abbasi S, Azimi C, Othman F, Modarresi M, Abdi- Oskouhei S. Risk factors for breast cancer in Iranian women: A case- control study. International Journal of Cancer Research 2009;5(1):1-11.
Tjio JH, Levan A. The chromosome number of man. Hereditas 1956;42:1-6.
Nowell P, Hungerford DA. A minute chromosome in human chronic granulocytic leukemia. Science 1960;1421497.
Sandberg A, Chen Z. Cytogenetic analysis. Methods Mol Med 2001;55:3-18.
Sandberga AA, Meloni-Ehrig AM. Cytogenetics and genetics of human cancer: methods and accomplishments. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2010;203(2):102–26.
Sabattini E, Bacci F, Sagramoso C, Pileri S. WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues in 2008: an overview. Pathologica 2010;102(3):83-7.
Goldman J. Chronic myeloid leukemia: a historical perspective. Semin Hematol 2010;47(4):302-11.
Lynch HT, Watson P, Shaw TG, Lynch JF, Harty AE, Franklin BA, Kapler CR, Tinley ST, Liu B. Clinical Impact of Molecular Genetic Diagnosis, Genetic Counseling, and Management of Hereditary Cancer: Part I: Studies of Cancer in Families. Cancer 1999;86(11 Suppl):2449-56.
Seto M. Genomic profiles in B cell lymphoma. Int J Hematol 2010;92(2):238-45.
Sandberg AA, Bridge JA. Updates on the cytogenetics and molecular genetics of bone and soft tissue tumors: Ewing sarcoma and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2000;123(1):1-26.
Kopnin B. Targets of oncogenes and tumor suppressors: Key for understanding basic mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Biochemistry (Moscow) 2000; 65(1):2-27.
Tanaka H, Shirkoohi R, Nakagawa K, Qiao H, Fujita H, Okada F, Hamada J, Kuzumaki S, Takimoto M, Kuzumaki N. siRNA gelsolin knockdown induces epithelialmesenchymal transition with a cadherin switch in human mammary epithelial cells. Int J Cancer 2006 118(7):1680-91.
Levine A, Perry M, Chang A, Silver A, Dittmer D, Wu M, Welsh D. The 1993 Walter Hubert Lecture: the role of the p53 tumour-suppressor gene in tumorigenesis. Br J Cancer 1994;69(3):409-16.
Helmbold H, Deppert W, Bohn W. Regulation of cellular senescence by Rb2/p130. Oncogene 2006;25(38):5257-62.
Nadauld LD, Phelps R, Moore BC, Eisinger A, Sandoval IT, Chidester S, Peterson PW, Manos EJ, Sklow B, Burt RW, Jones DA. Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Control of C-terminal Binding Protein-1 Stability Regulates Expression of Intestinal Retinol Dehydrogenases. J Biol Chem 2006;281(49):37828-35.
Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 2000;100(1):57-70.
Fearon E, Vogelstein B. A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 1990;61(5):759-67.
Li L, Neaves, WB,. Normal Stem Cells and Cancer Stem Cells: The Niche Matters. Cancer Res 2006;66(9):4553-6.
Reya T, Morrison SJ, Clarke MF, Weissman IL. Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells. Nature 2001;414(6859):105-11.
Sell S. Cellular origin of cancer: dedifferentiation or stem cell maturation arrest? Environ Health Perspect 1993;101(Suppl 5):15-26.
Moitra K, Lou H, Dean M. Multidrug efflux pumps and cancer stem cells: insights into multidrug resistance and therapeutic development. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2011;89(4):491-502.
Egger G, Liang G, Aparicio A, Jones P. A Epigenetics in human disease and prospects for epigenetic therapy. Nature 2004;429(6990):457-63
Zhang K, Dent SY. Histone modifying enzymes and cancer: going beyond histones. J Cell Biochem 2005;96(6):1137-44.
Santos-Rosa H, Caldas C. Chromatin modifier enzymes, the histone code and cancer. Eur J Cancer 2005;41(16):2381-402.
Alivand M, Rastgar Jazii F, Zare M, Karimi Nasseri N, Banoei M, Azimi C. Two steps methylation specific PCR for assessment of APC promoter methylation in gastric adenocarcinoma. J Sci IR Iran 2011;22(3):205-12.
Feinberg AP. The epigenetics of cancer etiology. Seminars Cancer Biol 2004;14(6):427-32.
Henken FE, Wilting SM, Overmeer RM, van Rietschoten JG, Nygren AO, Errami A, Schouten JP, Meijer CJ, Snijders PJ, Steenbergen RD. Sequential gene promoter methylation during HPV-induced cervical carcinogenesis. Br J Cancer 2007;97(10):1457-64.
Feinberg A, Tycko B. The history of cancer epigenetics. Nat Rev Cancer 2004;4(2):143-53.
Richardson B. Impact of aging on DNA methylation. Ageing Res Rev 2003;2(3):245-61.
Rodenhiser D, Mann M. Epigenetics and human disease: translating basic biology into clinical applications. CMAJ 2006;174(3):341-8.
Okoji RS, Yu RC, Maronpot RR, Froines JR. Sodium arsenite administration via drinking water increases genome-wide and Ha-ras DNA hypomethylation in methyl-deficient C57BL/6J mice. Carcinogenesis 2002;23(5):777-85.
Lund AH, van Lohuizen M. Epigenetics and cancer. Genes Dev 2004;18(19):2315-35.
Schneider R, Bannister AJ, Kouzarides T. Unsafe SETs: histone lysine methyltransferases and cancer. Trends Biochem Sci 2002;27(8):396-402.
Mattick JS, Makunin IV. Non-coding RNA. Human Molec Genet 2006;15:R17- R29.
Savad S, Mehdipour P, Miryounesi M, Shirkoohi R, Fereidooni F, Mansouri F, Modarressi MH. Expression= Analysis of MiR-21, MiR-205, and MiR-342 in Breast Cancer in Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012;13(3):873-7.
Bartlett J, Stirling D. A Short History of the Polymerase Chain Reaction. Methods Mol Biol 2003;226:3-6.
Saiki RK, Scharf S, Faloona F, Mullis KB, Horn GT, Erlich HA, Arnheim N. Enzymatic amplification of betaglobin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for diagnosis of sickle cell anemia. Science 1985; 230(4732):1350-4.
Saiki RK, Gelfand DH, Stoffel S, Scharf SJ Horm R,, Horn GT, Mullis KB, Erlich HA. Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase. Science 1988;239 (4839):487-91.
Mullis K. Nobel Lecture. World Scientific Publishing Cooperation; 1993.
Herman JG, Graff JR, Myöhänen S, Nelkin BD, Baylin SB. Methylation-specific PCR: a novel PCR assay for methylation status of CpG islands. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93(13):9821-6.
Grasso YZ, Gupta MK, Levin HS, Zippe CD, Klein EA. Combined Nested RT-PCR Assay for Prostate-specific Antigen and Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen in Prostate Cancer Patients: Correlation with Pathological Stage1. Cancer Res 1998;58(7):1456-9.
Hayden MJ, Nguyen TM, Waterman A, Chalmers KJ. Multiplex-ready PCR: a new method for multiplexed SSR and SNP genotyping. BMC Genomics 2008;9:80.
Udvardi MK, Czechowski T, Scheible WR. Eleven Golden Rules of Quantitative RT-PCR. Plant Cell 2008; 20(7):1736-7.
Innis M, Gelfand D, Sninsky J, White T. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. 1st edition. New York Academic Press; 1990.
Olsvik O, Wahlberg J, Petterson B, Uhlén M, Popovic T,Wachsmuth IK, Fields PI. Use of automated sequencing of polymerase chain reaction-generated amplicons to identify three types of cholera toxin subunit B in Vibrio cholerae O1 strains. J Clin Microbiol 1993;31(1): 22-5. 69. Pettersson E, Lundeberg J, Ahmadian A. Generations of sequencing technologies. Genomics 2009;93(2):105-11.
Schouten J, McElgunn C, Waaijer R, Zwijnenburg D, Diepvens F, Pals G. Relative quantification of 40 nucleic acid sequences by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Nucleic Acids Res 2002;30(12):e57.
Schena M, Shalon D, Davis RW, Brown PO. Quantitative monitoring of gene expression patterns with a complementary DNA microarray. Science 1995;270(5235):467-70.
Sieben VJ, Debes Marun CS, Pilarski PM, Kaigala GV, Pilarski LM, Backhouse CJ. FISH and chips: chromosomal analysis on microfluidic platforms. IET Nanobiotechnol 2007;1(3): 27-35.
Conlon S, Colgan A, Allen D, O'Grady A, Kay EW. Comparison of dual-colour chromogenic in-situ hybridization and fluorescence in-situ hybridization in the assessment of HER2 gene amplification in breastcarcinoma. Histopathology 2011;58(2):319-21.
White M. The chromosomes. 6th edition. Chapman & Hall; 1973.
Stebbins G. Variation and evolution in plants Chapter XII: The Karyotype. 1st edition. Columbia University Press; 1950.
King R, Stansfield W, Mulligan P. A dictionary of genetics. 7th edition. Oxford University Press; 2006.
Hsu T. Human and mammalian cytogenetics: a historical perspective. 1st edition. Springer-Verlag; 1979.
Gustashaw K. The Association of Cytogenetic Technologists. 2nd edition. Raven Press; 1991.
Cross D, Burmester JK. Gene therapy for cancer treatment: past, present and future. Clin Med Res 2006;4(3):218-27.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 51, No 10 (2013) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Cancer Cytogenetics Epigenetics Genetics Oncogenes Tumor suppressors | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
