Age-Associated Changes on Axonal Regeneration and Functional Outcome after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats
-
Amrollah Roozbehi
,
Mohammad Taghi Joghataei
,
Mehrdad Bakhtiyari
,
Jamshid Mohammadi
,
Parastou Rad
,
Hamdollah Delaviz
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the association between aging and regenerative potential of spinal cord injury. Three groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats, including young (40 days), mature (5-6 months) and old (28-29 months) were spinally hemisected at the L1 level. The locomotor performance was assessed weekly for eight weeks after lesion using locomotors' rating scale developed by Basso, Bresnahan and Beattie (BBB). In the tracing study, retrograde labeled neuron was counted in the lateral vestibular nucleus for axonal regeneration. From 4-8 weeks, the functional recovery of the young and mature age rats was significantly increased in comparison to the old age group. At 8 weeks, young and mature animals achieved a plateau score of (mean ± SD), 17 ± 1.47 and 16.8 ± 0.70 respectively, and the old rats reached an average score of 13.8±1.63 (P<0.05). The mean number of labeled neurons in the vestibular nucleus in the young group (mean ± SD): 32.05 ± 1.03 increase significantly compared to the older age group 5.01 ± 1.31 (P<0.05). Current findings suggest that axonal repair and functional improvement decrease in aged animals after partial spinal cord injury. Thus, the aging process may affect the regenerative capacity of the injured central nervous system, and axonal regeneration is age dependent.
Kundi S, Bicknell R, Ahmed Z. Spinal cord injury: current mammalian models. Am J Neurosci 2013;4(1):1-12.
Yip PK, Malaspina A. Spinal cord trauma and the molecular point of no return. Mol Neurodegener 2012;7(1):6-14.
Gwaka YS, Hainsb BC, Johnsona KM, et al. Locomotor recovery and mechanical hyperalgesia following spinal cord injury depend on age at time of injury in rat. Neurosci Lett 2004;362(3):232-5.
Bregman BS, Kunkel-Bagden E, Reier PJ, et al. Recovery of function after spinal cord injury: mechanisms underlying transplant-mediated recovery of function differ after spinal cord injury in newborn and adult rats. Exp Neurol 1993;123(1):3-16.
Jaerve A, Schiwy N, Schmitz C, et al. Differential effect of aging on axon sprouting and regenerative growth in spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2011;231(2) 284-94.
Krause J S, Coker JL. Aging after spinal cord injury: a 30- year longitudinal study. J Spinal Cord Med 2006;29(4):371-6.
Slayter MV, Summers BA, Meade RP, et al. Axonal spheroids in the cochlear nucleus of normal beagle dogs. Vet Pathol 1998;35(2):150-3.
Johnson JE, Mehler WR, Mique J. A fine structural study of degenerative changes in the dorsal column nuclei ofaging mice. Lack of protection by vitamin E. J Gerontol 1975;30(5):395-411.
Schultz C, Dick EJ, Cox AB, et al. Expression of stress proteins alpha B-crystallin, ubiquitin, and hsp27 in pallidonigral spheroids of aged rhesus monkeys. Neurobiol Aging 2001;22(4):677-82.
Johansson CS, Stenstrom M, Hildbrand C. Target influence on aging of myelinated sensory nerve fibers. Neurobiol Aging 1996;17(1):61-6.
Ramirez-Leon V, Kullberg S, Hjelle OP, et al. Increased glutathione level in neurochemically identified fibers system in the aged rat lumbar motor neuron nucleus. Eur J Neurosci 1999;11(8):1-14.
Liechti M, Müller R, Lam T, et al. Vestibulospinal responses in motor incomplete spinal cord injury. Clin Neurophysiol 2008;119(12):2804-12.
Liag H, Bacskai T, Watson C, et al. Projections from the lateral vestibular nucleus to the spinal cord in the mouse. Brain Struct Func 2014;219(3):805-15.
Pertici V, Amendola J, Laurin J, et al. The use of poly (N- [2-hydroxypropyl]-methacrylamide) hydrogel to repair a T10 spinal cord hemisection in rat: a behavioural, electrophysiological and anatomical examination. Asn Neuro 2013;5(2):149-66.
Bernstein-Goral H, Bregman BS. Spinal cord transplants support the regeneration of axotomized neurons after spinal cord lesions at birth: a quantitative double-labeling study. Exp Neurol 1993;123(1):118-32.
Hase T, Kawaguchi S, Hayashi H, et al. Spinal cord repair in neonatal rats: a correlation between axonal regeneration and functional recovery. Eur J Neurosci 2002;15(6):969-74.
Delaviz H, Joghataie MT, Mehdizadeh M, et al. The effect of fetal olfactory mucosa on tissue sparing and locomotor recovery after spinal cord hemisection in rats. Yakhteh Med J 2008;10(3):185-92.
Asada Y, Kawaguchi S, Hayashi H, et al. Neural repair of the injured spinal cord by grafting: comparison between peripheral nerve segments and embryonic homologous structures as a conduit of CNS axons. Neurosci Res 1998;31(3):241-9.
Sharp KG, Dickson AR, Marchenko SA, et al. Salmon fibrin treatment of spinal cord injury promotes functional recovery and density of serotonergic innervation. Exp Neurol 2012;235(1):345-56.
Goto S, Radak Z. Implications of oxidative damage to proteins and DNA in aging and its intervention by caloric restriction and exercise. J Sport Health Sci 2013;2(2):75-80.
Tavernarakis N, Driscoll M. Caloric restriction and lifespan: a role for protein turnover? Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 2002;123:215-29.
De Magalhaes JP, Curado J, Church GM. Meta-analysis of age-related gene expression profiles identifies common signatures of aging. Bioinformatics 2009;25(7):875-81.
Wu W, Elde R, Wessendorf MW. Organization of the serotonergic innervation of spinal neurons in rats. Differential serotonergic innervation of somatic and parasympathetic preganglionic motoneurons as determined by patterns of co-existing peptides. Neuroscience 1993;55(1):223-33.
Weinert B, Timiras P. Physiology of Aging, Invited Review: Theories of aging. J Appl Physiol 2003;95(4):1706-16.
Hall ED, Bryant YD, Cho W, et al. Evolution of posttraumatic neurodegeneration after controlled cortical impact traumatic brain injury in mice and rats as assessed by the de Olmos silver and fluorojade staining methods. J Neurotrauma 2008;25(3):235-47.
Iwata K, Fukuoka T, Kondo E, et al. Plastic changes in nociceptive transmission of the rat spinal cord with advancing age. J Neurophysiol 2002;87(2):1086-93.
Adalbert R, Coleman MP. Axon pathology in age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2013;39(2):90-108.
Kullberg S, Ramirez-Leon V, Johnson H, et al. Decreased axosomatic input to motoneurons and astrogliosis in the spinal cord of aged rats. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1998;53(5):B369-79.
Bergman E, Ulfhake B. Evidence for loss of myelinated input to the spinal cord in senescent rats. Neurobiol Aging 2002;23(2):271-86.
Anderson CP, Rozovsky I, Stone DJ, et al. Aging and increased hypothalamic glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) mRNA in F344 female rats. Dissociation of GFAP inducibility from the luteinizing hormone surge. Neuroendocrinology 2002;76(2):121-30.
Widenfalk J, Lundstromer K, Jubran M, et al. Neurotrophic factors and receptors in the immature and adult spinal cord after mechanical injury or kainic acid. J Neurosci 2001;21(10):3457-75.
Ranson RN, Dodds AL, Smith MJ, et al. Age-associated changes in the monoaminergic innervation of rat lumbosacral spinal cord. Brain Res 2003;972(1-2):149-58.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 53, No 5 (2015) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Age Axonal regeneration Functional recovery Spinal cord hemisection | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
