The 1800 MHz Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields Can Lead to a Reduction in the Number of CD4+T Cells, IL-2, IL-10, and IL-17a on PBMC Cultures
-
Maimun Z Arthamin
,
Anis Sulalah
,
Resvina Resvina
,
Chomsin Widodo
,
Agustina T Endharti
,
Edi Widjajanto
,
Tedy Juliandhy
Abstract
Although there have been many studies on the effects of electromagnetic fields on humans, scientists still have no agreement on the effects found because several studies showed no statistically significant effects. The effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields exposure on the immune system are varied, ranging from no effects to genotoxic effects on lymphocytes. Our study aimed to investigate whether exposure to 1800 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) in variable durations and distances could lead to the dysregulation of T helper 1, 2, and 17. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) cultures from healthy human subjects were exposed to 1800 MHz RF-EMF, with durations of 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes and distances of 5 and 25 cm. We evaluated the effects of RF-EMF exposure on the number of CD4+ T cells, IL-2, IL-10, and IL-17a after 48 hours of culture with the flow cytometer. The closer the distance, the lower the number of CD4+ T cells. The longer the exposure, the lower the number of CD4+ T cells and the number of IL-2, IL-10, and IL-17a decreases significantly. CD4+ T cells expressing IL-2 increased significantly with the increase of the duration of 1800 MHz RF-EMF exposure (15, 30, and 45 min), but decreased at 60 minutes of exposure when compared to PBMCs without exposure. Sixty minutes of PBMC exposure to RF-EMF with a distance of 5 cm causes a significant reduction in the number of CD4+ T cells, the expression of IL-2, IL-10, and IL-17a.
REFERENCES
[1] J. C. Lin, “Electromagnetic Fields in Biological Systems,” in Electromagnetic Fields in Biological Systems, taylor & Francis, 2016, pp. 261–262.
[2] S. Marko, Electromagnetic Fields in Biology and Medicine. Taylor & Francis CRC Press, 2015, pp. 319–340
[3] K. -hoon. Ng, “Non-Ionizing Radiations - Sources, Biological Effects, Emissions and Exposures,” Proc. Int. Conf. Non-Ionizing Radiat. UNITEN, no. October, pp. 1–16, 2003.
[4] J. Baker-Jarvis and S. Kim, “The interaction of radio-frequency fields with dielectric materials at macroscopic to mesoscopic scales,” J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol., vol. 117, no. 1, pp. 1–60, 2012.
[5] H. Merzenich et al., “Childhood leukemia in relation to radio frequency electromagnetic fields in the vicinity of TV and radio broadcast transmitters,” Am. J. Epidemiol., vol. 168, no. 10, pp. 1169–1178, 2008.
[6] J. Schüz, R. Jacobsen, J. H. Olsen, J. D. Boice, J. K. McLaughlin, and C. Johansen, “Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: Update of a nationwide Danish cohort,” J. Natl. Cancer Inst., vol. 98, no. 23, pp. 1707–1713, 2006.
[7] H. Singh, C. Kumar, and U. Bagai, “Biological effect of electromagnetic field of VDU on immune cells of Balb/c mice,” Biol. forum – An Int. J., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 82–91, 2012.
[8] D. Dabala et al., “Cellular response in experimental exposure to electromagnetic fields,” Rev. Roum. Des Sci. Tech. Electrotech. Energ., vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 21–29, 2008.
[9] A. Sulalah, M. Z. Arthamin, C. S. Widodo, and A. Naba, “Analysis of CD4 Cell Production Using PBMC Culture after Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Waves,” Int. Res. J. Adv. Eng. Sci., vol. Vol.4, no. No.1, pp. 140–142, 2019.
[10] R. vina, M. Z. Arthamin, C. S. Widodo, and A. Naba, “Study Effect of Electromagnetic Wave Exposure of Radio Frequency in Blood Cells for Interleukin-2 (Il-2) Production Peripheral Culture Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC),” Int. J. Med. Sci., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 15–18, 2019.
[11] O. Johansson, “Disturbance of the immune system by electromagnetic fields-A potentially underlying cause for cellular damage and tissue repair reduction which could lead to disease and impairment,” Pathophysiology, vol. 16, no. 2–3, pp. 157–177, 2009.
[12] M. M. Rosado, M. Simkó, M.-O. Mattsson, and C. Pioli, “Immune-Modulating Perspectives for Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields in Innate Immunity,” Front. Public Heal., vol. 6, no. March, pp. 1–13, 2018.
[13] H. Mahaki, H. Tanzadehpanah, N. Jabarivasal, K. Sardanian, and A. Zamani, “A review on the effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) on cytokines of innate and adaptive immunity,” Electromagn. Biol. Med., vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 84–95, 2019.
[14] C. L. Ross and B. S. Harrison, “An introduction to electromagnetic field therapy and immune function: a brief history and current status,” vol. 03, no. 02, pp. 18–29, 2015.
[15] F. Tian, T. Nakahara, K. Wake, M. Taki, and J. Miyakoshi, “Exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields induces hsp70 at a high SAR of more than 20 W/kg but not at 5 W/kg in human glioma MO54 cells,” Int. J. Radiat. Biol., vol. 78, no. 5, pp. 433–440, 2002.
[16] Y. Takashima, H. Hirose, S. Koyama, Y. Suzuki, M. Taki, and J. Miyakoshi, “Effects of continuous and intermittent exposure to RF fields with a wide range of SARs on cell growth, survival, and cell cycle distribution,” Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 392–400, 2006.
[17] J. Miyakoshi, K. Takemasa, Y. Takashima, G. R. Ding, H. Hirose, and S. Koyama, “Effects of exposure to a 1950 MHz radio frequency field on expression of Hsp70 and Hsp27 in human glioma cells,” Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 251–257, 2005.
[18] P. Rajendra, H. Sujatha, R. Sashidhar, C. Subramanyam, D. Devendranath, and R. Aradhya, “Viability of unstimulated lymphocytes exposed to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields is dependent on intensity,” Biodiscovery, no. 2, 2012.
[19] H. Hirose et al., “Phosphorylation and gene expression of p53 are not affected in human cells exposed to 2.1425 GHz band CW or W-CDMA modulated radiation allocated to mobile radio base stations,” Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 494–504, 2006.
[20] J. C. Lin, Advances in Electromagnetic Fields inLiving Systems: Health Effects of Cell Phone Radiation Volume 5. 2009.
[21] S. Pittaluga, T. Bhavsar, and E. S. Jaffe, Clinical Immunology: Principles and Pratice Fifth edition, vol. 5. 2019.
[22] H. Tuschl, W. Novak, and H. Molla-Djafari, “In vitro effects of GSM modulated radiofrequency fields on human immune cells,” Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 188–196, 2006.
[23] H. Park et al., “A distinct lineage of CD4 T cells regulates tissue inflammation by producing interleukin 17,” Nat. Immunol., vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 1133–1141, 2005.
[24] IARC, “IARC classifies radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans,” World Heal. Organ., vol. 2008, no. May, pp. 1–6, 2011.
[25] International Agency for Research on Cancer, “International Agency for Research on Cancer Iarc Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks To Humans,” Iarc Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks To Humansarc Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks To Humans, vol. 96, pp. i-ix+1-390, 2002.
[26] A. B. Miller et al., “Risks to health and well-being from radio-frequency radiation emitted by cell phones and other wireless devices,” Front. Public Heal., vol. 7, no. AUG, 2019.
[27] K. R. Foster, “Thermal and nonthermal mechanisms of interaction of radio-frequency energy with biological systems,” IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 15–23, 2000.
[28] L. J. Challis, “Mechanisms for interaction between RF fields and biological tissue,” Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 26, no. SUPPL. 7, pp. 98–106, 2005.
[29] A. L. Dean, W. J. Rea, C. W. Smith, and A. L. Barrier, “Electromagnetic and Radiofrequency Fields Effect on Human Health,” Am. Acad. Environ. Med., no. 316, pp. 1–8, 2012.
[1] J. C. Lin, “Electromagnetic Fields in Biological Systems,” in Electromagnetic Fields in Biological Systems, taylor & Francis, 2016, pp. 261–262.
[2] S. Marko, Electromagnetic Fields in Biology and Medicine. Taylor & Francis CRC Press, 2015, pp. 319–340
[3] K. -hoon. Ng, “Non-Ionizing Radiations - Sources, Biological Effects, Emissions and Exposures,” Proc. Int. Conf. Non-Ionizing Radiat. UNITEN, no. October, pp. 1–16, 2003.
[4] J. Baker-Jarvis and S. Kim, “The interaction of radio-frequency fields with dielectric materials at macroscopic to mesoscopic scales,” J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol., vol. 117, no. 1, pp. 1–60, 2012.
[5] H. Merzenich et al., “Childhood leukemia in relation to radio frequency electromagnetic fields in the vicinity of TV and radio broadcast transmitters,” Am. J. Epidemiol., vol. 168, no. 10, pp. 1169–1178, 2008.
[6] J. Schüz, R. Jacobsen, J. H. Olsen, J. D. Boice, J. K. McLaughlin, and C. Johansen, “Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: Update of a nationwide Danish cohort,” J. Natl. Cancer Inst., vol. 98, no. 23, pp. 1707–1713, 2006.
[7] H. Singh, C. Kumar, and U. Bagai, “Biological effect of electromagnetic field of VDU on immune cells of Balb/c mice,” Biol. forum – An Int. J., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 82–91, 2012.
[8] D. Dabala et al., “Cellular response in experimental exposure to electromagnetic fields,” Rev. Roum. Des Sci. Tech. Electrotech. Energ., vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 21–29, 2008.
[9] A. Sulalah, M. Z. Arthamin, C. S. Widodo, and A. Naba, “Analysis of CD4 Cell Production Using PBMC Culture after Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Waves,” Int. Res. J. Adv. Eng. Sci., vol. Vol.4, no. No.1, pp. 140–142, 2019.
[10] R. vina, M. Z. Arthamin, C. S. Widodo, and A. Naba, “Study Effect of Electromagnetic Wave Exposure of Radio Frequency in Blood Cells for Interleukin-2 (Il-2) Production Peripheral Culture Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC),” Int. J. Med. Sci., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 15–18, 2019.
[11] O. Johansson, “Disturbance of the immune system by electromagnetic fields-A potentially underlying cause for cellular damage and tissue repair reduction which could lead to disease and impairment,” Pathophysiology, vol. 16, no. 2–3, pp. 157–177, 2009.
[12] M. M. Rosado, M. Simkó, M.-O. Mattsson, and C. Pioli, “Immune-Modulating Perspectives for Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields in Innate Immunity,” Front. Public Heal., vol. 6, no. March, pp. 1–13, 2018.
[13] H. Mahaki, H. Tanzadehpanah, N. Jabarivasal, K. Sardanian, and A. Zamani, “A review on the effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) on cytokines of innate and adaptive immunity,” Electromagn. Biol. Med., vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 84–95, 2019.
[14] C. L. Ross and B. S. Harrison, “An introduction to electromagnetic field therapy and immune function: a brief history and current status,” vol. 03, no. 02, pp. 18–29, 2015.
[15] F. Tian, T. Nakahara, K. Wake, M. Taki, and J. Miyakoshi, “Exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields induces hsp70 at a high SAR of more than 20 W/kg but not at 5 W/kg in human glioma MO54 cells,” Int. J. Radiat. Biol., vol. 78, no. 5, pp. 433–440, 2002.
[16] Y. Takashima, H. Hirose, S. Koyama, Y. Suzuki, M. Taki, and J. Miyakoshi, “Effects of continuous and intermittent exposure to RF fields with a wide range of SARs on cell growth, survival, and cell cycle distribution,” Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 392–400, 2006.
[17] J. Miyakoshi, K. Takemasa, Y. Takashima, G. R. Ding, H. Hirose, and S. Koyama, “Effects of exposure to a 1950 MHz radio frequency field on expression of Hsp70 and Hsp27 in human glioma cells,” Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 251–257, 2005.
[18] P. Rajendra, H. Sujatha, R. Sashidhar, C. Subramanyam, D. Devendranath, and R. Aradhya, “Viability of unstimulated lymphocytes exposed to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields is dependent on intensity,” Biodiscovery, no. 2, 2012.
[19] H. Hirose et al., “Phosphorylation and gene expression of p53 are not affected in human cells exposed to 2.1425 GHz band CW or W-CDMA modulated radiation allocated to mobile radio base stations,” Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 494–504, 2006.
[20] J. C. Lin, Advances in Electromagnetic Fields inLiving Systems: Health Effects of Cell Phone Radiation Volume 5. 2009.
[21] S. Pittaluga, T. Bhavsar, and E. S. Jaffe, Clinical Immunology: Principles and Pratice Fifth edition, vol. 5. 2019.
[22] H. Tuschl, W. Novak, and H. Molla-Djafari, “In vitro effects of GSM modulated radiofrequency fields on human immune cells,” Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 188–196, 2006.
[23] H. Park et al., “A distinct lineage of CD4 T cells regulates tissue inflammation by producing interleukin 17,” Nat. Immunol., vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 1133–1141, 2005.
[24] IARC, “IARC classifies radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans,” World Heal. Organ., vol. 2008, no. May, pp. 1–6, 2011.
[25] International Agency for Research on Cancer, “International Agency for Research on Cancer Iarc Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks To Humans,” Iarc Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks To Humansarc Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks To Humans, vol. 96, pp. i-ix+1-390, 2002.
[26] A. B. Miller et al., “Risks to health and well-being from radio-frequency radiation emitted by cell phones and other wireless devices,” Front. Public Heal., vol. 7, no. AUG, 2019.
[27] K. R. Foster, “Thermal and nonthermal mechanisms of interaction of radio-frequency energy with biological systems,” IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 15–23, 2000.
[28] L. J. Challis, “Mechanisms for interaction between RF fields and biological tissue,” Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 26, no. SUPPL. 7, pp. 98–106, 2005.
[29] A. L. Dean, W. J. Rea, C. W. Smith, and A. L. Barrier, “Electromagnetic and Radiofrequency Fields Effect on Human Health,” Am. Acad. Environ. Med., no. 316, pp. 1–8, 2012.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 58, No 9 (2020) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/acta.v58i9.4764 | |
| Keywords | ||
| 1800 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) Cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) T cells Interleukin-2 (IL-2) Interleukin-10 (IL-10) Interleukin-17a (IL-17a) | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Arthamin M, Sulalah A, Resvina R, Widodo C, Endharti A, Widjajanto E, Juliandhy T. The 1800 MHz Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields Can Lead to a Reduction in the Number of CD4+T Cells, IL-2, IL-10, and IL-17a on PBMC Cultures. Acta Med Iran. 2020;58(9):430-438.
