Survival Rate of Colorectal Cancer and Its Effective Factors in Iran
-
Mohammad Abbasi
,
Saeedeh Asgari
,
Azar Pirdehghan
,
Abdol Azim Sadighi Pashaki
,
Farzaneh Esna-Ashari
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers in Iran. Regarding the prevalence of this cancer and its mortality and morbidity, in this study, 5 Year Survival Rate and its Effective Factors of patients with colorectal cancer were investigated. This study was conducted using the retrospective cohort method. All patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer in Hamadan Imam Khomeini Clinic of Hematology and Oncology and Mahdieh Oncology Center between 2006 and 2011 were studied. Data were extracted from the patients’ medical records, and to obtain extra information about them, telephone calls were made. The data were analyzed by SPPS version 16, and the assessment of survival rates was conducted using Kaplan-Meier methods and Cox regression method. A total number of 108 patients with colorectal cancer were studied. The status of 74 patients was determined at the end of the study by making follow-up phone calls. The one, two, three, four, and five survival rates were 77, 66, 50, 45, and 42%, respectively. The median overall survival was 46.8 months (1.3-135.6 months). Cox regression analysis showed that Metastatic tumor (P=0.001), lymphatic involvement (P=0.043), and is associated with underlying disease (P=0.025) was accompanied by increased risk. Multivariate cox regression test showed that metastasis was associated with an increase in the risk of death significantly (HR=2.83, P=0.013). According to the findings of the study, early screening is recommended for people with greater risk to increase the survival rate.
1. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2018;68(6):394-424.( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30207593)
2. Center MM, Jemal A, Ward E. International trends in colorectal cancer incidence rates. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers. 2009;18(6):1688-94.( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19505900)
3. Bray F. Transitions in human development and the global cancer burden. World cancer report. 2014;2014:54-68.( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK343643/)
4. Fidler MM, Soerjomataram I, Bray F. A global view on cancer incidence and national levels of the human development index. International journal of cancer. 2016;139(11):2436-46.( https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ijc.30382)
5. Bray F, Jemal A, Grey N, Ferlay J, Forman D. Global cancer transitions according to the Human Development Index (2008–2030): a population-based study. The lancet oncology. 2012;13(8):790-801(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22658655)
6. Favoriti P, Carbone G, Greco M, Pirozzi F, Pirozzi REM, Corcione F. Worldwide burden of colorectal cancer: a review. Updates in surgery. 2016;68(1):7-11.( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27067591)
7. Murphy G, Devesa SS, Cross AJ, Inskip PD, McGlynn KA, Cook MB. Sex disparities in colorectal cancer incidence by anatomic subsite, race and age. International journal of cancer. 2011;128(7):1668-75.( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20503269)
8. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fedewa SA, Ahnen DJ, Meester RG, Barzi A, et al. Colorectal cancer statistics, 2017. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2017;67(3):177-93.( https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/caac.21395)
9. Bishehsari F, Mahdavinia M, Vacca M, Malekzadeh R, Mariani-Costantini R. Epidemiological transition of colorectal cancer in developing countries: environmental factors, molecular pathways, and opportunities for prevention. World journal of gastroenterology: WJG. 2014;20(20):6055.( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4033445/)
10. Popkin BM, Adair LS, Ng SW. Global nutrition transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries. Nutrition reviews. 2012;70(1):3-21.
( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22221213)
11. Stevens GA, Singh GM, Lu Y, Danaei G, Lin JK, Finucane MM, et al. National, regional, and global trends in adult overweight and obesity prevalences. Population health metrics. 2012;10(1):22.( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3543235/)
12. Mohebbi E, Nahvijou A, Hadji M, Rashidian H, Seyyedsalehi MS, Nemati S, et al. Iran Cancer Statistics in 2012 and projection of cancer incidence by 2035. Basic & Clinical Cancer Research. 2018;9(3).( http://bccr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/bccrj/article/view/270)
13. Moghimi-Dehkordi B, Safaee A. An overview of colorectal cancer survival rates and prognosis in Asia. World journal of gastrointestinal oncology. 2012;4(4):71.( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3334382/)
14. Arnold M, Sierra MS, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. Global patterns and trends in colorectal cancer incidence and mortality. Gut. 2017;66(4):683-91.( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26818619)
15. Siegel R, DeSantis C, Jemal A. Colorectal cancer statistics, 2014. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2014;64(2):104-17.( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24639052)
16. Edwards BK, Noone AM, Mariotto AB, Simard EP, Boscoe FP, Henley SJ, et al. Annual Report to the Nation on the status of cancer, 1975‐2010, featuring prevalence of comorbidity and impact on survival among persons with lung, colorectal, breast, or prostate cancer. Cancer. 2014;120(9):1290-314.( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24343171)
17. Thélin C, Sikka S. Epidemiology of colorectal Cancer—incidence, lifetime risk factors statistics and temporal trends. Screening for colorectal Cancer with colonoscopy London: IntechOpen Limited. 2015:61-77.( https://www.intechopen.com/books/screening-for-colorectal-cancer-with-colonoscopy/epidemiology-of-colorectal-cancer-incidence-lifetime-risk-factors-statistics-and-temporal-trends)
18. Howlader N, Noone A, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse S, et al. SEER cancer statistics review, 1975–2012. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. 2015;2015.
( https://seer.cancer.gov/archive/csr/1975_2012/)
19. Ahmadi A, Mobasheri M, Hashemi Nazari SS. Survival time and relative risk of death in patients with colorectal cancer in an Iranian population: a cohort study. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2014;24(111):2-8.( https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289319979_Survival_time_and_relative_risk_of_death_in_patients_with_colorectal_cancer_in_an_Iranian_population_A_cohort_study)
20. Roshanaei G, Komijani A, Sadighi Pashaki A, Fardmal J. Prediction of survival in patients with colorectal cancer referred to the Hamadan MRI center using of Weibull parameter model and determination of its risk factors during 2005-2013. Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences. 2014 Feb 10;16(11):41-9.
( https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=426369)
21. Mehrabani D, Almasi-Hashiani A. Evaluation of the 5-year survival rate and demographic factors in colorectal cancer patients. J Adv Med Biomed Res. 2012;20(82):12-9.
(http://zums.ac.ir/journal/browse.php?a_id=1935&sid=1&slc_lang=en)
22. Fakheri H, Janbabai G, Bari Z, Eshqi F. The epidemiologic and clinical-pathologic characteristics of colorectal cancers from 1999 to 2007 in Sari, Iran. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2008;18(67):58-66.( http://jmums.mazums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=493&sid=1&slc_lang=en)
23. Akhoond M, Kazemnejad A, Hajizadeh E, Fatemi S, Motlagh A. Investigation of Influential Factors Affecting Survival Rate of Patients with Colorectal Cancer using Copula Function. Iranian Journal of Epidemiology. 2011;6(4):40-9.
( http://irje.tums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=67&sid=1&slc_lang=en)
24. Moradi A, Khayamzadeh M, Guya MM, Mirzaei HR, Salmanian R, Rakhsha A, et al. Survival of colorectal cancer in Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2009;10(4):583-6.( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19827873)
25. education Moham. Cancer registration country reports, 2009. Tehran: Cancer office. 2012:16-7. [Persian].( http://ghdx.healthdata.org/record/iran-national-cancer-registry-report-2009-2010)
26. Asghari Jafarabadi M, Mohammadi SM, Hajizadeh E, Fatemi SR. An evulation of 5-year survival of metastatic colon and rectal cancer patients using cumulative incidence models. Koomesh. 2013;14(2):207-14.( http://koomeshjournal.semums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=1583&sid=1&slc_lang=en)
27. Wilkes G. and Hartshorn K. Colon R, and Anal Cancers. Semin Oncol Nurs 2009; 25: 32-47.
28. Wu XC, Chen VW, Steele B, Ruiz B, Fulton J, Liu L, et al. Subsite‐specific incidence rate and stage of disease in colorectal cancer by race, gender, and age group in the United States, 1992–1997. Cancer: Interdisciplinary International Journal of the American Cancer Society. 2001;92(10):2547-54.( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11745188)
29. Ries L, Melbert D, Krapcho M, Mariotto A, Miller B, Feuer E, et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2004. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute; 2007. 2007.
(https://seer.cancer.gov/archive/csr/1975_2004/)
30. Kasper DL TRHspoimHeM-H, Medical Pub. Division: New York; 2017.
( https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookID=2129)
31. Cunningham D, Humblet Y, Siena S, Khayat D, Bleiberg H, Santoro A, et al. Cetuximab monotherapy and cetuximab plus irinotecan in irinotecan-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. New England journal of medicine. 2004;351(4):337-45.
( https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa033025)
32. Aarts MJ, Lemmens VE, Louwman MW, Kunst AE, Coebergh JWW. Socioeconomic status and changing inequalities in colorectal cancer? A review of the associations with risk, treatment and outcome. European Journal of Cancer. 2010;46(15):2681-95.
( https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959804910003679)
33. Dupont M, Pampalon R, Hamel D. Deprivation and cancer mortality among Quebec women and men, 1994-1998: Institut national de santé publique du Québec Québec, QC; 2004.
(https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Deprivation-and-Cancer-Mortality-Among-Qu%C3%A9bec-Women-Dupont/3f7b5917e28c73b204f5b2786d63faefbef43651)
34. Agah S, Ghasemi A, Rezaei M, Ashayeri N, Fereshtehnejad S, Mohammad Sadeghi H. Frequency determination of polyps and colorectal tumors among patients who underwent colonoscopy in Shariati hospital. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2009;15:13-8.
( http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=1057&slc_lang=en&sid=1&printcase=1&hbnr=1&hmb=1)
35. Molaei M, Mansoori BK, Ghiasi S, Khatami F, Attarian H, Zali M. Colorectal cancer in Iran: immunohistochemical profiles of four mismatch repair proteins. International journal of colorectal disease. 2010;25(1):63-9.( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19707776
2. Center MM, Jemal A, Ward E. International trends in colorectal cancer incidence rates. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers. 2009;18(6):1688-94.( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19505900)
3. Bray F. Transitions in human development and the global cancer burden. World cancer report. 2014;2014:54-68.( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK343643/)
4. Fidler MM, Soerjomataram I, Bray F. A global view on cancer incidence and national levels of the human development index. International journal of cancer. 2016;139(11):2436-46.( https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ijc.30382)
5. Bray F, Jemal A, Grey N, Ferlay J, Forman D. Global cancer transitions according to the Human Development Index (2008–2030): a population-based study. The lancet oncology. 2012;13(8):790-801(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22658655)
6. Favoriti P, Carbone G, Greco M, Pirozzi F, Pirozzi REM, Corcione F. Worldwide burden of colorectal cancer: a review. Updates in surgery. 2016;68(1):7-11.( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27067591)
7. Murphy G, Devesa SS, Cross AJ, Inskip PD, McGlynn KA, Cook MB. Sex disparities in colorectal cancer incidence by anatomic subsite, race and age. International journal of cancer. 2011;128(7):1668-75.( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20503269)
8. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fedewa SA, Ahnen DJ, Meester RG, Barzi A, et al. Colorectal cancer statistics, 2017. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2017;67(3):177-93.( https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/caac.21395)
9. Bishehsari F, Mahdavinia M, Vacca M, Malekzadeh R, Mariani-Costantini R. Epidemiological transition of colorectal cancer in developing countries: environmental factors, molecular pathways, and opportunities for prevention. World journal of gastroenterology: WJG. 2014;20(20):6055.( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4033445/)
10. Popkin BM, Adair LS, Ng SW. Global nutrition transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries. Nutrition reviews. 2012;70(1):3-21.
( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22221213)
11. Stevens GA, Singh GM, Lu Y, Danaei G, Lin JK, Finucane MM, et al. National, regional, and global trends in adult overweight and obesity prevalences. Population health metrics. 2012;10(1):22.( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3543235/)
12. Mohebbi E, Nahvijou A, Hadji M, Rashidian H, Seyyedsalehi MS, Nemati S, et al. Iran Cancer Statistics in 2012 and projection of cancer incidence by 2035. Basic & Clinical Cancer Research. 2018;9(3).( http://bccr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/bccrj/article/view/270)
13. Moghimi-Dehkordi B, Safaee A. An overview of colorectal cancer survival rates and prognosis in Asia. World journal of gastrointestinal oncology. 2012;4(4):71.( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3334382/)
14. Arnold M, Sierra MS, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. Global patterns and trends in colorectal cancer incidence and mortality. Gut. 2017;66(4):683-91.( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26818619)
15. Siegel R, DeSantis C, Jemal A. Colorectal cancer statistics, 2014. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2014;64(2):104-17.( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24639052)
16. Edwards BK, Noone AM, Mariotto AB, Simard EP, Boscoe FP, Henley SJ, et al. Annual Report to the Nation on the status of cancer, 1975‐2010, featuring prevalence of comorbidity and impact on survival among persons with lung, colorectal, breast, or prostate cancer. Cancer. 2014;120(9):1290-314.( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24343171)
17. Thélin C, Sikka S. Epidemiology of colorectal Cancer—incidence, lifetime risk factors statistics and temporal trends. Screening for colorectal Cancer with colonoscopy London: IntechOpen Limited. 2015:61-77.( https://www.intechopen.com/books/screening-for-colorectal-cancer-with-colonoscopy/epidemiology-of-colorectal-cancer-incidence-lifetime-risk-factors-statistics-and-temporal-trends)
18. Howlader N, Noone A, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse S, et al. SEER cancer statistics review, 1975–2012. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. 2015;2015.
( https://seer.cancer.gov/archive/csr/1975_2012/)
19. Ahmadi A, Mobasheri M, Hashemi Nazari SS. Survival time and relative risk of death in patients with colorectal cancer in an Iranian population: a cohort study. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2014;24(111):2-8.( https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289319979_Survival_time_and_relative_risk_of_death_in_patients_with_colorectal_cancer_in_an_Iranian_population_A_cohort_study)
20. Roshanaei G, Komijani A, Sadighi Pashaki A, Fardmal J. Prediction of survival in patients with colorectal cancer referred to the Hamadan MRI center using of Weibull parameter model and determination of its risk factors during 2005-2013. Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences. 2014 Feb 10;16(11):41-9.
( https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=426369)
21. Mehrabani D, Almasi-Hashiani A. Evaluation of the 5-year survival rate and demographic factors in colorectal cancer patients. J Adv Med Biomed Res. 2012;20(82):12-9.
(http://zums.ac.ir/journal/browse.php?a_id=1935&sid=1&slc_lang=en)
22. Fakheri H, Janbabai G, Bari Z, Eshqi F. The epidemiologic and clinical-pathologic characteristics of colorectal cancers from 1999 to 2007 in Sari, Iran. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2008;18(67):58-66.( http://jmums.mazums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=493&sid=1&slc_lang=en)
23. Akhoond M, Kazemnejad A, Hajizadeh E, Fatemi S, Motlagh A. Investigation of Influential Factors Affecting Survival Rate of Patients with Colorectal Cancer using Copula Function. Iranian Journal of Epidemiology. 2011;6(4):40-9.
( http://irje.tums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=67&sid=1&slc_lang=en)
24. Moradi A, Khayamzadeh M, Guya MM, Mirzaei HR, Salmanian R, Rakhsha A, et al. Survival of colorectal cancer in Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2009;10(4):583-6.( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19827873)
25. education Moham. Cancer registration country reports, 2009. Tehran: Cancer office. 2012:16-7. [Persian].( http://ghdx.healthdata.org/record/iran-national-cancer-registry-report-2009-2010)
26. Asghari Jafarabadi M, Mohammadi SM, Hajizadeh E, Fatemi SR. An evulation of 5-year survival of metastatic colon and rectal cancer patients using cumulative incidence models. Koomesh. 2013;14(2):207-14.( http://koomeshjournal.semums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=1583&sid=1&slc_lang=en)
27. Wilkes G. and Hartshorn K. Colon R, and Anal Cancers. Semin Oncol Nurs 2009; 25: 32-47.
28. Wu XC, Chen VW, Steele B, Ruiz B, Fulton J, Liu L, et al. Subsite‐specific incidence rate and stage of disease in colorectal cancer by race, gender, and age group in the United States, 1992–1997. Cancer: Interdisciplinary International Journal of the American Cancer Society. 2001;92(10):2547-54.( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11745188)
29. Ries L, Melbert D, Krapcho M, Mariotto A, Miller B, Feuer E, et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2004. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute; 2007. 2007.
(https://seer.cancer.gov/archive/csr/1975_2004/)
30. Kasper DL TRHspoimHeM-H, Medical Pub. Division: New York; 2017.
( https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookID=2129)
31. Cunningham D, Humblet Y, Siena S, Khayat D, Bleiberg H, Santoro A, et al. Cetuximab monotherapy and cetuximab plus irinotecan in irinotecan-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. New England journal of medicine. 2004;351(4):337-45.
( https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa033025)
32. Aarts MJ, Lemmens VE, Louwman MW, Kunst AE, Coebergh JWW. Socioeconomic status and changing inequalities in colorectal cancer? A review of the associations with risk, treatment and outcome. European Journal of Cancer. 2010;46(15):2681-95.
( https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959804910003679)
33. Dupont M, Pampalon R, Hamel D. Deprivation and cancer mortality among Quebec women and men, 1994-1998: Institut national de santé publique du Québec Québec, QC; 2004.
(https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Deprivation-and-Cancer-Mortality-Among-Qu%C3%A9bec-Women-Dupont/3f7b5917e28c73b204f5b2786d63faefbef43651)
34. Agah S, Ghasemi A, Rezaei M, Ashayeri N, Fereshtehnejad S, Mohammad Sadeghi H. Frequency determination of polyps and colorectal tumors among patients who underwent colonoscopy in Shariati hospital. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2009;15:13-8.
( http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=1057&slc_lang=en&sid=1&printcase=1&hbnr=1&hmb=1)
35. Molaei M, Mansoori BK, Ghiasi S, Khatami F, Attarian H, Zali M. Colorectal cancer in Iran: immunohistochemical profiles of four mismatch repair proteins. International journal of colorectal disease. 2010;25(1):63-9.( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19707776
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| Issue | Vol 59, No 5 (2021) | |
| Section | Articles | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/acta.v59i5.6664 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Survival rate Colorectal cancer Iran Effective factors | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Abbasi M, Asgari S, Pirdehghan A, Sadighi Pashaki AA, Esna-Ashari F. Survival Rate of Colorectal Cancer and Its Effective Factors in Iran. Acta Med Iran. 2021;59(5):290-297.
