Cognitive Function in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Based on Age, Gender, and Education Level
-
Elham Hassanshahi
,
Zahra Asadollahi
,
Hossein Azin
,
Jalal Hassanshahi
,
Amin Hassanshahi
,
Mahdieh Azin
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is defined as an inflammatory, progressive, and autoimmune disease in the central nervous system, recognized by its subsequent demyelination and neurodegeneration. Cognitive disorders are among the most severe problems in patients with MS, affecting their personal and professional life. This study is aimed to evaluate memory and visual learning, visual processing speed, and spatial perception in MS patients based on age, gender, and level of education. This cross-sectional study was carried out on 42 MS patients (based on McDonald’s criteria). The level of disability in patients was assessed using EDSS, and cognitive performance was evaluated by the use of judgment of line orientation (JLO), symbol digit modalities test (SDMT), and revised brief visuospatial memory test (BVMT-R). In this study, patients were within the age range of 20-51 years, 73.8% of which were female, and 61.9% had academic degrees. According to the classes of independent variables (gender, education level), no significant difference was observed in the mean scores of dependent variables (JLO, SDMT, and BVMR-T scores) (P>0.05). In addition, age as a confounding variable had no impact (P>0.05). In addition, gender and level of education had no significant interaction (P>0.05). According to the results of the study, age, gender, and education level had no significant effect on memory and visual learning, visual processing speed, and spatial perception
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32. Vanotti, S., et al., A new assessment tool for patients with multiple sclerosis from Spanish-speaking countries: validation of the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for MS (BICAMS) in Argentina. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 2016. 30(7): p. 1023-1031.
33. Amato, M.P., et al., Cognitive dysfunction in early-onset multiple sclerosis: a reappraisal after 10 years. Archives of neurology, 2001. 58(10): p. 1602-1606.
34. Tam, J.W. and M. Schmitter-Edgecombe, The role of processing speed in the Brief Visuospatial MemoryTest–revised. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 2013. 27(6): p. 962-972.
35. Pouramiri, M., et al., Investigating the relationship between individual and clinical characteristics and Executive dysfunction of multiple sclerosis individuals. Archives of Reha-bilitation, 2019. 20(2): p. 114-123.
36. Vanotti, S., et al., BICAMS in the Argentine population: relationship with clinical and sociodemographic variables. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 2018. 25(5): p. 424-433.
37. Beatty, W.W., et al., Clinical and demographic predictors of cognitive performance in multiple sclerosis: Do diagnostic type, disease duration, and disability matter? Archives of neurology, 1990. 47(3): p. 305-308.
38. Maloni, H., Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. The Journal forNurse Practitioners, 2018. 14(3): p. 172-177.
39. Caparelli-Dáquer, E.M., R. Oliveira-Souza, and P.F. Moreira Filho, Judgment of line orientation depends on gender, education, and type of error. Brain and cognition, 2009. 69(1): p. 116-120.
2. Eskandarieh, S., et al., Multiple sclerosis epidemiology in east Asia, south east Asia and south Asia: a systematic review. Neuroepidemiology, 2016. 46(3): p. 209-221.
3. Sahebi, R., M. Amiri, and M.S. Jami, Multiple Sclerosis in Iran. International Journal of Epidemiologic Research, 2017. 5(1): p. 30-33.
4. Asgari, A. and F. Mehrabi, Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) in military personnel: demographic study in Iran. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, 2015. 8(March Spl Edition): p. 105-110.
5. Hauser, S.L., J.R. Oksenberg, and S.E. Baranzini, Multiple sclerosis, in Rosenberg's Molecular and Genetic Basis of Neurological and Psychiatric Disease. 2015, Elsevier. p. 1001-1014.
6. Taylor, B.V., The major cause of multiple sclerosis is environmental: genetics has a minor role-Yes. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, 2011. 17(10): p. 1171-1173.
7. Chiaravalloti, N.D. and J. DeLuca, Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. The Lancet Neurology, 2008. 7(12): p. 1139-1151.
8. Lublin, F. and A. Miller, Multiple sclerosis and other inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system. Pocket Companion to Neurology in Clinical Practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Butterworth-Heinemann Limited, 2008: p. 1583-613.
9. Pakniya, N., et al., Effectiveness of Cognitive Existential Approach on Decreasing Demoralization in Women with Multiple Sclerosis. 2015.
10. Benedict, R.H. and R. Zivadinov, Risk factors for and management of cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. Nature Reviews Neurology, 2011. 7(6): p. 332.
11. Patti, F., et al., Cognitive impairment and its relation with disease measures in mildly disabled patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis: baseline results from the Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis (COGIMUS) study. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, 2009. 15(7): p. 779-788.
12. Sumowski, J.F., et al., Cognition inmultiple sclerosis: State of the field and priorities for the future. Neurology, 2018. 90(6): p. 278-288.
13. Rahn, K., B. Slusher, and A. Kaplin. Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: a forgotten disability remembered. in Cerebrum: the Dana forumon brain science. 2012. Dana Foundation.
14. Kollndorfer, K., et al., Altered likelihood of brain activation in attention and working memory networks in patients with multiple sclerosis: an ALE meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2013. 37(10): p. 2699-2708.
15. Shaygannejad, V. and H. Afshar, The Frequency of Cognitive Dysfunction among Multiple Sclerosis Patients with Mild Physical Disability. Journal of Isfahan Medical School, 2012. 29(167).
16. Denney, D.R., et al., Deficits in planning time but not performance in patients with multiple sclerosis. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 2011. 27(2): p. 148-158.
17. Elsass, P. and I. Zeeberg, Reaction time deficit in multiple sclerosis. Acta neurologica scandinavica, 1983. 68(4): p. 257-261.
18. Kujala, P., R. Portin, and J. Ruutiainen, Memory deficits and early cognitive deterioration in MS. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 1996. 93(5): p. 329-335.
19. Rao, S.M., et al., Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis.: I. Frequency, patterns, and prediction. Neurology, 1991. 41(5): p. 685-691.
20. Evans, D.A., et al., Level of education and change in cognitive function in a community population of older persons. Annals of epidemiology, 1993. 3(1): p. 71-77.
21. Simioni, S., et al., Cognition, mood and fatigue in patients in the early stage of multiple sclerosis. Swiss medical weekly, 2007. 137(35-36): p. 496-501.
22. Williams, M.T., D.O. Tapos, and C. Juhász, Use of the 2010 McDonald criteria can facilitate early diagnosis of pediatric multiple sclerosis in a predominantly black cohort. Pediatric neurology, 2014. 51(6): p. 826-830.
23. Kurtzke, J.F., Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology, 1983. 33(11): p. 1444-1444.
24. Eshaghi, A., et al., Validity and reliability of a Persian translation of the Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in Multiple Sclerosis (MACFIMS). The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 2012. 26(6): p. 975-984.
25. Morrow, S., et al., Evaluation of the symbol digit modalities test (SDMT) and MS neuropsychological screening questionnaire (MSNQ) in natalizumab-treated MS patients over 48 weeks. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, 2010. 16(11): p. 1385-1392.
26. Smith, A., Symbol digit modalities test. 1982: Western Psychological Services Los Angeles, CA.
27. Benedict, R.H., Brief visuospatial memory test--revised: professional manual. 1997: PAR.
28. Benton, A.L., et al., Contributions to neuropsychological assessment: A clinical manual. 1994: Oxford University Press, USA.
29. Riva, D. and A. Benton, Visuospatial judgment: A crossnational comparison. Cortex, 1993. 29(1): p. 141-143.
30. Canter, A.H., Direct and indirect measures of psychological deficit in multiple sclerosis: Part I. The Journal of General Psychology, 1951. 44(1): p. 3-25.
31. Wilken, J., et al., The utility of computerized neuropsychological assessment of cognitive dysfunction in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, 2003. 9(2): p. 119-127.
32. Vanotti, S., et al., A new assessment tool for patients with multiple sclerosis from Spanish-speaking countries: validation of the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for MS (BICAMS) in Argentina. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 2016. 30(7): p. 1023-1031.
33. Amato, M.P., et al., Cognitive dysfunction in early-onset multiple sclerosis: a reappraisal after 10 years. Archives of neurology, 2001. 58(10): p. 1602-1606.
34. Tam, J.W. and M. Schmitter-Edgecombe, The role of processing speed in the Brief Visuospatial MemoryTest–revised. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 2013. 27(6): p. 962-972.
35. Pouramiri, M., et al., Investigating the relationship between individual and clinical characteristics and Executive dysfunction of multiple sclerosis individuals. Archives of Reha-bilitation, 2019. 20(2): p. 114-123.
36. Vanotti, S., et al., BICAMS in the Argentine population: relationship with clinical and sociodemographic variables. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 2018. 25(5): p. 424-433.
37. Beatty, W.W., et al., Clinical and demographic predictors of cognitive performance in multiple sclerosis: Do diagnostic type, disease duration, and disability matter? Archives of neurology, 1990. 47(3): p. 305-308.
38. Maloni, H., Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. The Journal forNurse Practitioners, 2018. 14(3): p. 172-177.
39. Caparelli-Dáquer, E.M., R. Oliveira-Souza, and P.F. Moreira Filho, Judgment of line orientation depends on gender, education, and type of error. Brain and cognition, 2009. 69(1): p. 116-120.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 58, No 10 (2020) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/acta.v58i10.4912 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Multiple sclerosis Judgment of line orientation (JLO) Brief visuospatial memory test-revised (BVMT-R) Symbol digit modalities test (SDMT) Cognitive function | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Hassanshahi E, Asadollahi Z, Azin H, Hassanshahi J, Hassanshahi A, Azin M. Cognitive Function in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Based on Age, Gender, and Education Level. Acta Med Iran. 2020;58(10):500-507.
