Evaluation of Osteoporosis Frequency in Patients With Recurrent Kidney Stones
,
Abstract
Osteoporosis is defined as a reduction in bone density up to 2.5 standard deviations less than the maximum mean bone density in humans. It is estimated that 50% to 80% of the differences in the bone mass of the individuals are related to their genetic and heredity. The prevalence of osteoporosis is 6% in Iran, in which it is more than Japanese and less than in the United States. In this cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study, patients with a history of recurrent kidney stones (those who had referred to the stone clinic more than one time) undergoing bone density measurement using the DEXA method to determine the presence or absence of osteoporosis (Reduction of bone density up to 2.5 standard deviations less than the maximum mean bone density) were enrolled. Exclusion criteria were patients with metabolic diseases, corticosteroid intake, renal failure, hyperparathyroidism, and age >60 years. According to the results of this study, there were 61 patients with a history of recurrent kidney stones, which 34 of them (55.74%) were male and 27 (44.26%) were female; the mean age was 42.41±9.8 years (ranging from 18 to 60 years). Evaluation of frequency distribution of patients showed that 18% of patients had osteoporosis. In this study, 52.5% of patients were without osteoporosis and osteopenia. It should be noted that 29.5% of patients had only osteopenia. The frequency distribution of osteoporosis in patients with a history of recurrent kidney stones by gender showed that four males (36.4%) and seven females (63.6%) had osteoporosis. There was no significant relationship between gender and osteoporosis in patients with a history of recurrent kidney stones (P=0.153). There was also no significant relationship between gender and osteopenia in these patients (P=0.380). There was no significant relationship between age and osteoporosis in patients with a history of recurrent kidney stones (P=0.203). There was no significant relationship between BMI and osteoporosis in patients with a history of recurrent kidney stones (P=0.344). There was no significant relationship between osteoporosis with age and BMI in patients with a history of recurrent kidney stones, and the highest percentage of osteoporosis was in the spine region, which consisted of 8.2% of all patients. There was no significant relationship between osteopenia with gender and BMI in patients with a history of recurrent kidney stones, but there was a significant relationship between age and osteopenia in patients with recurrent kidney stones.
2. WHO study group. Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Technical report series 843. Geneva: WHO, 1994.
3. Khodadadi S, Khodadadi S. Estimation of annual per capita treatment in osteoporosis. J Parathyr Dis. 2016;4(1):17-19.
4. Shepherd A. J., An overview of osteoporosis Altern ther Health Med.2004; 10:26-34. doi: 10.5152/eurjrheum.2016.048
5. Moussavi MR. Osteoporosis in chronic kidney disease; a mini-review on current knowledge. J Parathyr Dis 2013; 1(1): 5-8.
6. Cooper C., Walker-Bone K., Arden N. Novel insights into the pathogenesis of the role of intrauterine programming. Rheumatology.2000; 39:1312-15. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/39.12.1312
7. Cooper C., Eriksson J.G., Forson T. Maternal height, childhood growth and risk of hip fracture in later life: a longitudinal study. Osteoporos Int. 2001; 12:623-9.
8. Anderson F.H., Francis R.M., Selby P.L. Sex hormones and osteoporosis in men. Calcif Tissue Int 1998; 62:185.
9. Larijani B., Soltani A., Pajouhi M. Bone mineral density variation in 20-69 y/o population of Tehran/Iran. Iranian South Med J.2002; 5:41-49.
10. Larijani B. An overview of osteoporosis in Iran. 1th international osteoporosis seminar in Iran.Tehran, Iran.2004.
11. Christodoulou C., Cooper C. What's osteoporosis? Postgraduate Med J.2003; 79:133-138.
12. Chapuy M.C., Arlot M.E., Duboeuf F.vitamine D3 and calcium to prevent hip fracture s in elderly women. N Engl J Med.1992; 327:1637-1642. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199212033272305
13. Dawson-Hughes B., Harris S.S., Krall EA., Dallal G.E. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. N Engl J Med. 1997; 337:670-676. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199709043371003
14. Hashemipour S., Larijani B., Adibi H., Javadi E., Sedaghat M., Pajouhi M., Soltani A., Shafaei A.R. Hamidi Z., Fard A.R., Hossein-Nezhad A., Booya F. Vitamin D deficiency and causative factors in the population of Tehran. BMC Public Health.2004; 4:38. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-4-38
15. Mc Kenna M.J. Differences in vitamin D status between countries in young adults and the elderly. Am J Med.1992; 93:69-77. PMID: 1385673
16. Adachi J.D., Olszynski W.P., Hanley D.A., Hodsman A.B., Kendler D.L., Siminoski K.G. Management of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. Semin Arthritis Rheum.2000; 29:228-51.
17. Hossein-nezhad A., Soltani A., Rahimi I., Shafaie A., Maghbooli Z., Larijani B. Relation between tea drinking and bone mineral density. Tabib-Shargh.2003; 2:29-38.
18. Anderson RA. A complementary approach to urolithiasis prevention. World J Urol 2002; 20(5):294-301. DOI: 10.1007/s00345-002-0294-z
19. Mohammadalibeigi F, Shirani M, Motamedi M. The effect of serum levels of vitamin D in stone recurrencein patients with urinary tract stone. J Renal Inj Prev. 2018;7(2):78-83.
20. Worcester E, Coe F. Nephrolithiasis. Prim 2008; 35(2); 269- 369. doi: 10.1016/j.pop.2008.01.005
21. Erbagci A, Erbagci AB, Yilmaz M, l. Pediatric urolithiasis evaluation of risk factors in 95 children. Scand J Urol Nephrol 2003; 37(2):129-33.
22. Pearle MC, Patrin AW, Peter CA. Urinary Lithiasis. In: Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Novick AC. Campbell- Walash Urology 3rd edition. Saunders; 2007; 2: 1363-1525.
23. Johri N, Cooper B, Robertson W. An Update and Practical Guide to Renal stone Management. Nephron Clin Pract 2010; 116: 159-71. doi: 10.1159/000317196. Epub 2010 Jul 2.
24. Mohammadalibeigi F, Shirani M, Seyed-Salehi H, Afzali L. Biochemical urinalysis of healthy kidney and stone-generating kidney in unilateral urolithiasis. J Renal Inj Prev. 2019;8(2):151-156.
25. Safarinejad MR. Adult urolithiasis in a population-based study in Iran: prevalence, incidence and associated risk factors. Urol Res 2007; 35: 73-82 [Persian].
26. Audi L, García-Ramírez M, Carracosa A. Genetic determinants of bone mass. Horm Res 1999; 51(3):105-123. DOI: 10.1159/000023343
27. Pak CY, Britton F, Peterson R, Ward D, Northcutt C, Breslau NA. Ambulatory evaluation of nephrolithiasis. Classification, clinical presentation and diagnostic criteria. Am J Med 1980; 69(1):19-30.
28. Caudarella R, Vescini F, Buffa A, Manna L, Stefoni S. Osteoprosis and urolithiasis. Urol Int 2004; 72(1):17-19.
29. Pietschmann F, Breslau NA, Pak CYC. Reduced vertebral bone density in hypercalciuric nephrolithiasis. JBMR 1992; 7(12):1383-1388. DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650071205
30. Zanchetta JR, Rodriguez G, Negri AL, del Valle E, Spivacow FR. Bone mineral density in patients with hypercalciuric nephrolithiasis. Nephron 1996; 73(4):557-560. DOI: 10.1159/000189140
31. Alhava EM, Juuti M, Karjalainen P. Bone mineral density in patients with urolithiasis: A preliminary report. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1976; 10(2):154-156. doi: 10.3109/00365597609179678
32. Trinchieri A, Nespoli R, Ostini F, Rovera F, Zanetti G, Pisani E. A study of dietary calcium and other nutrients in idiopathic renal calcium stone formers with low bone mineral content. J Urol 1998; 159(3):654-657. PMID: 9474119
33. Heilberg IP, Martini LA, Szejnfeld VL, Carvalho AB, Draibe SA, Ajzen H. Bone disease in calcium stone forming patients. Clin Nephrol 1994; 42(3):175-182. PMID:7994936
34. Curhan GC, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ. A prospective study of dietary calcium and other nutrients and the risk of symptomatic . N Engl J Med 1993; 328(12):833-838. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199303253281203
35. Coe FL, Kavalach AG. Hypercalciuria and hyperuricosuria in patients with calcium nephrolithiasis. N Engl J Med 1974; 291: 1344-50. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM197412192912510
36. Nordin BE, Peacock M, Wilkinson R. Hypercalciuria and calcium stone disease. Clin Endocrinol Metab J 1972; 1:169-83.
37. Lauderdale DS, Thisted RA, Wen M, Favus MJ. Bone mineral density and fracture among prevalent kidney stone cases in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Bone Mineral Res. 2010; 16(10):1893-8.
38. Mobini M, Makhlough A, Namadchian Z, Niksolat F, Feizzadeh B, Mohammadpour R A. Comparing Bone Mineral Density in Women with and without Renal Stone . J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2017; 27 (150):46-53
39. Yarmohammadi AA, Moulaei M, Yaghobi S, Ahmadi F. Analysis of Bone Density in Patients with Urolithiasis; Role of Hypercalciuria in Bone Loss: Do These Patients Need a Low-Calcium Diet? J Knowledge & Health. 2008; 3(3-4):15-9.
40. Bazrafshan HR, Qorbani M, Shadpour Rashti H, Aghaei ME, Safari R. Prevalence of osteoporosis and its association with demographic characterirstics–Gorgan, Iran. Bimonth J Hormozgan Univ Med Sci. 2011; 15(1):56-62.
41. Hosseinnezhad A, Shafaei A, Maghbooli Z. Association between renal stone and bone mineral density. Zahedan J Res Med Sci. 2003; 5(4):9-15.
42. Fouladi N, Alimohamadi H, Hosenkhani A, Amani F, Ghoshadehroo R. Relationship between types of urinary tract stones and it’s probably risk factors in patients referred to therapeutic-surgery centers in ardabil city. J Ardabil Univ f Med Sci. 2012; 12 (43): 59-67.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 58, No 10 (2020) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/acta.v58i10.4911 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Recurrent Kidney Stones Osteoporosis Osteopenia | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
