A Comprehensive Review on COVID-19 Infection and Comorbidities of Various Organs
-
Masoumeh Mohamadi
,
Nima Fattahi
,
Azadeh Goodarzi
,
Mahtab Alizadeh-Khoei
,
Shahnaz Miri
,
Hamidreza Hekmat
,
Mohammad Bodaghabadi
,
Farahnaz Nikkhah
Abstract
In the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, underlying diseases such as cardiovascular disease, respiratory illness, liver and kidney disease or malignancies, have a critical prognostic role for these patients. Due to the increased risk of mortality in patients with established or new-onset comorbidities, we decided to conduct a study to further investigate the possible comorbidities and treatment recommendations of COVID-19. All articles published by March 25, 2020, on the new coronavirus infection were reviewed and for cutaneous manifestation as a new emerging concern, by April 25, 2020. ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed databases were searched, and keywords such as "COVID-19", "2019-nCoV", "Coronavirus2019", "SARS-CoV-2”, and "comorbidity" have been used. The most important comorbidity in elderly patients with confirmedCOVID-19 was cardiovascular disease, followed by diabetes and chronic respiratory disease, respectively, and on the other hand, COVID-19 itself could cause acute heart, lung, liver, kidney, and skin disease. Also, the prevalence of underlying diseases in dead patients or patients with severe COVID-19 is higher than the others. Considering treatment, drug interactions, and careful drug adjustment based on hepatic and renal metabolism are essential. The results of this study showed that the mortality rate and ICU admission in people with the underlying disease is higher than in other people. Also, we must pay attention to the possible multi-organ damages and comorbidities for the protection and successful treatment of COVID-19. There are some comorbidities like primary cutaneous manifestations that may have diagnostic or prognostic values in the COVID-19 course.
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2. Organization WH. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report-59; 2020.
3. Ibrahim A. Two die of coronavirus in Iran, first fatalities in Middle East. 2020.
4. organization wh. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak situation. 2020.
5. Sun P, Qie S, Liu Z, Ren J, Xi JJ. Clinical characteristics of 50466 patients with 2019-nCoV infection. medRxiv. 2020.
6. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506.
7. Novel CPERE. The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China. Zhonghua liu xing bing xue za zhi= Zhonghua liuxingbingxue zazhi. 2020;41(2):145.
8. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-13.
9. Wang T, Du Z, Zhu F, Cao Z, An Y, Gao Y, et al. Comorbidities and multi-organ injuries in the treatment of COVID-19. The Lancet. 2020.
10. Silva AAMd. On the possibility of interrupting the coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic based on the best available scientific evidence. SciELO Public Health; 2020.
11. Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, Chen Y-M, Wang W, Song Z-G, et al. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature. 2020;579(7798):265-9.
12. Niforatos JD, Melnick ER, Faust JS. Covid-19 fatality is likely overestimated. Bmj. 2020;368.
13. Bai Y, Yao L, Wei T, Tian F, Jin D-Y, Chen L, et al. Presumed asymptomatic carrier transmission of COVID-19. Jama. 2020.
14. Libert C, Dejager L, Pinheiro I. The X chromosome in immune functions: when a chromosome makes the difference. Nature Reviews Immunology. 2010;10(8):594-604.
15. Wrapp D, Wang N, Corbett KS, Goldsmith JA, Hsieh C-L, Abiona O, et al. Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science. 2020;367(6483):1260-3.
16. Zhou P, Yang X-L, Wang X-G, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. Discovery of a novel coronavirus associated with the recent pneumonia outbreak in humans and its potential bat origin. BioRxiv. 2020.
17. Pan X-w, Da Xu HZ, Zhou W, Wang L-h, Cui X-g. Identification of a potential mechanism of acute kidney injury during the COVID-19 outbreak: a study based on single-cell transcriptome analysis. Intensive Care Medicine. 2020:1.
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20. Zhou P, Yang X-L, Wang X-G, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;579(7798):270-3.
21. Li W, Moore MJ, Vasilieva N, Sui J, Wong SK, Berne MA, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature. 2003;426(6965):450-4.
22. Luo W, Yu H, Gou J, Li X, Sun Y, Li J, et al. Pathology & Pathobiology. 2020;2020020407.
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32. Luo W, Yu H, Gou J, Li X, Sun Y, Li J, et al. Clinical pathology of critical patient with novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19). Pathology & Pathobiology. 2020;2020020407.
33. Gautret P, Lagier J-C, Parola P, Meddeb L, Mailhe M, Doudier B, et al. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2020:105949.
34. organization wh. Landscape analysis of therapeutics as 21st March 2020. 2020.
35. Lu H. Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Bioscience trends. 2020;14(1):69-71.
36. Agostini ML, Andres EL, Sims AC, Graham RL, Sheahan TP, Lu X, et al. Coronavirus susceptibility to the antiviral remdesivir (GS-5734) is mediated by the viral polymerase and the proofreading exoribonuclease. MBio. 2018;9(2):e00221-18.
37. Zheng Y-Y, Ma Y-T, Zhang J-Y, Xie X. COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system. Nature Reviews Cardiology. 2020:1-2.
38. Ruan Q, Yang K, Wang W, Jiang L, Song J. Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intensive care medicine. 2020:1-3.
39. Chen C, Yan J, Zhou N, Zhao J, Wang D. Analysis of myocardial injury in patients with COVID-19 and association between concomitant cardiovascular diseases and severity of COVID-19. Zhonghua xin xue guan bing za zhi. 2020;48:E008-E.
40. Li B, Yang J, Zhao F, Zhi L, Wang X, Liu L, et al. Prevalence and impact of cardiovascular metabolic diseases on COVID-19 in China. Clinical Research in Cardiology. 2020:1-8.
41. Pollack A, Kontorovich AR, Fuster V, Dec GW. Viral myocarditis—diagnosis, treatment options, and current controversies. Nature Reviews Cardiology. 2015;12(11):670.
42. Riski H, Hovi T, Frick M. Carditis associated with coronavirus infection. Carditis associated with coronavirus infection. 1980;2:100-1.
43. Alhogbani T. Acute myocarditis associated with novel Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Annals of Saudi medicine. 2016;36(1):78-80.
44. Zhang T, Zhang Y, Cui M, Jin L, Wang Y, Lv F, et al. CaMKII is a RIP3 substrate mediating ischemia-and oxidative stress–induced myocardial necroptosis. Nature medicine. 2016;22(2):175.
45. Wu C, Hu X, Song J, Du C, Xu J, Yang D, et al. Heart injury signs are associated with higher and earlier mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). medRxiv. 2020.
46. Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Zhang C, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Lancet respiratory medicine. 2020;8(4):420-2.
47. NephJC. ACE2 and HYPERTENSION. 2020.
48. Elkind MS, Harrington RA, Benjamin IJ. Role of the American Heart Association in the global COVID-19 pandemic. Am Heart Assoc; 2020.
49. DiazGranados CA, Dunning AJ, Kimmel M, Kirby D, Treanor J, Collins A, et al. Efficacy of high-dose versus standard-dose influenza vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine. 2014;371(7):635-45.
50. Kobayashi M, Bennett NM, Gierke R, Almendares O, Moore MR, Whitney CG, et al. Intervals between PCV13 and PPSV23 vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2015;64(34):944-7.
51. Yang J, Feng Y, Yuan M, Yuan S, Fu H, Wu B, et al. Plasma glucose levels and diabetes are independent predictors for mortality and morbidity in patients with SARS. Diabetic medicine. 2006;23(6):623-8.
52. Schoen K, Horvat N, Guerreiro NF, de Castro I, de Giassi KS. Spectrum of clinical and radiographic findings in patients with diagnosis of H1N1 and correlation with clinical severity. BMC infectious diseases. 2019;19(1):1-8.
53. Song Z, Xu Y, Bao L, Zhang L, Yu P, Qu Y, et al. From SARS to MERS, thrusting coronaviruses into the spotlight. Viruses. 2019;11(1):59.
54. Wang A, Zhao W, Xu Z, Gu J. Timely blood glucose management for the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is urgently needed. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2020.
55. Deng S-Q, Peng H-J. Characteristics of and public health responses to the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in China. Journal of clinical medicine. 2020;9(2):575.
56. Lippi G, Plebani M. Laboratory abnormalities in patients with COVID-2019 infection. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM). 2020;1(ahead-of-print).
57. Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Jama. 2020.
58. on COVID NC. Daily Situation Report on Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Iran; March 14, 2020. Archives of Academic Emergency Medicine. 2020;8(1).
59. Kulcsar KA, Coleman CM, Beck SE, Frieman MB. Comorbid diabetes results in immune dysregulation and enhanced disease severity following MERS-CoV infection. JCI insight. 2019;4(20).
60. Wan Y, Shang J, Graham R, Baric RS, Li F. Receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from Wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS coronavirus. Journal of virology. 2020;94(7).
61. Fang L, Karakiulakis G, Roth M. Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection? The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 2020.
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 59, No 1 (2021) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/acta.v59i1.5396 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) 2019 Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Coronavirus 2019 Comorbidity Pulmonary Cardiac Diabetes Liver Renal Cutaneous Skin Review | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Mohamadi M, Fattahi N, Goodarzi A, Alizadeh-Khoei M, Miri S, Hekmat H, Bodaghabadi M, Nikkhah F. A Comprehensive Review on COVID-19 Infection and Comorbidities of Various Organs. Acta Med Iran. 2021;59(1):4-14.
