Strongyloides stercoralis Larvae in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid in the Asthmatic Patient: A Case Report
Abstract
Strongyloides stercoralis is a common cause of gastrointestinal infection. Symptoms are usually mild, but in the setting of impaired host immunity, severe and disseminated illnesses may occur. The present report describes a male patient with a history of asthma and corticosteroid therapy, now presented with dyspnea and abdominal pain. Examinations show Strongyloides stercoralis larvae in Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid specimens. The patients who have undergone immunosuppressive therapy are highly indicated for Strongyloides stercoralis screening which prevents hyperinflation in endemic areas.
1. Keiser PB, Nutman TB. Strongyloides stercoralis in the immunocompromised population. Clinical microbiology reviews. 2004;17(1):208-17.
2. Schär F, Trostdorf U, Giardina F, Khieu V, Muth S, Marti H, et al. Strongyloides stercoralis: global distribution and risk factors. PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 2013;7(7):e2288.
3. Mejia R, Nutman TB. Screening, prevention, and treatment for hyperinfection syndrome and disseminated infections caused by Strongyloides stercoralis. Current opinion in infectious diseases. 2012;25(4):458.
4. Ericsson CD, Steffen R, Siddiqui AA, Berk SL. Diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2001;33(7):1040-7.
5. Segarra-Newnham M. Manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2007;41(12):1992-2001.
6. Montes M, Sawhney C, Barros N. Strongyloides stercoralis: there but not seen. Current opinion in infectious diseases. 2010;23(5):500.
7. Bisoffi Z, Buonfrate D, Montresor A, Requena-Méndez A, Munoz J, Krolewiecki AJ, et al. Strongyloides stercoralis: a plea for action. PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 2013;7(5):e2214.
8. Becker SL, Sieto B, Silué KD, Adjossan L, Koné S, Hatz C, et al. Diagnosis, clinical features, and self-reported morbidity of Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworm infection in a co-endemic setting. PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 2011;5(8):e1292.
9. Saeidinia A, Tavakoli I, Naghipour MR, Rahmati B, Lahiji HG, Salkhori O, et al. Prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis and other intestinal parasites among institutionalized mentally disabled individuals in Rasht, northern Iran. Iranian journal of parasitology. 2016;11(4):527.
10. Fardet L, Genereau T, Cabane J, Kettaneh A. Severe strongyloidiasis in corticosteroid‐treated patients. Clinical microbiology and infection. 2006;12(10):945-7.
11. Wehner JH, Kirsch CM, editors. Pulmonary manifestations of strongyloidiasis. Seminars in respiratory infections; 1997.
12. Gill GV, Welch E, Bailey J, Bell DR, Beeching NJ. Chronic Strongyloides stercoralis infection in former British Far East prisoners of war. Qjm. 2004;97(12):789-95.
13. Chu E, Whitlock WL, Dietrich RA. Pulmonary hyperinfection syndrome with Strongyloides stercoralis. Chest. 1990;97(6):1475-7.
14. Lessnau K-D, Can S, Talavera W. Disseminated Strongyloides stercoralis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: treatment failure and a review of the literature. Chest. 1993;104(1):119-22.
15. Mokhlesi B, Shulzhenko O, Garimella PS, Kuma L, Monti C. Pulmonary strongyloidiasis: the varied clinical presentations. Clinical pulmonary medicine. 2004;11(1):6.
16. Woodring JH, Halfhill 2nd H, Reed JC. Pulmonary strongyloidiasis: clinical and imaging features. AJR American journal of roentgenology. 1994;162(3):537-42.
17. Buonfrate D, Formenti F, Perandin F, Bisoffi Z. Novel approaches to the diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2015;21(6):543-52.
18. Bisoffi Z, Buonfrate D, Sequi M, Mejia R, Cimino RO, Krolewiecki AJ, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of five serologic tests for Strongyloides stercoralis infection. PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 2014;8(1):e2640.
19. Buonfrate D, Sequi M, Mejia R, Cimino RO, Krolewiecki AJ, Albonico M, et al. Accuracy of five serologic tests for the follow up of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 2015;9(2):e0003491.
20. Maayan S, Wormser GP, Widerhorn J, Sy ER, Kim YH, Ernst JA. Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection in a patient with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. The American journal of medicine. 1987;83(5):945-8.
21. Smith B, Verghese A, Guiterrez C, Dralle W, Berk SL. Pulmonary strongyloidiasis. Diagnosis by sputum gram stain. The American journal of medicine. 1985;79(5):663-6.
22. Namisato S, Motomura K, Haranaga S, Hirata T, Toyama M, Shinzato T, et al. Pulmonary strongyloidiasis in a patient receiving prednisolone therapy. Internal medicine. 2004;43(8):731-6.
23. Vijayan VK. Parasitic lung infections. Current opinion in pulmonary medicine. 2009;15(3):274-82.
24. Potter A, Stephens D, De Keulenaer B. Strongyloides hyper-infection: a case for awareness. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology. 2003;97(8):855-60.
25. Igra-Siegman Y, Kapila R, Sen P, Kaminski ZC, Louria DB. Syndrome of hyperinfection with Strongyloides stercoralis. Reviews of infectious diseases. 1981;3(3):397-407.
26. Buonfrate D, Requena-Mendez A, Angheben A, Muñoz J, Gobbi F, Van Den Ende J, et al. Severe strongyloidiasis: a systematic review of case reports. BMC infectious diseases. 2013;13(1):78.
27. Rodriguez‐Hernandez M, Ruiz‐Perez‐Pipaon M, Canas E, Bernal C, Gavilan F. Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection transmitted by liver allograft in a transplant recipient. American Journal of Transplantation. 2009;9(11):2637-40.
28. Scowden EB, Schaffner W, Stone WJ. Overwhelming strongyloidiasis: an unappreciated opportunistic infection. Medicine. 1978;57(6):527-44.
29. Buonfrate D, Angheben A, Gobbi F, Muñoz J, Requena-Mendez A, Gotuzzo E, et al. Imported strongyloidiasis: epidemiology, presentations, and treatment. Current infectious disease reports. 2012;14(3):256-62.
2. Schär F, Trostdorf U, Giardina F, Khieu V, Muth S, Marti H, et al. Strongyloides stercoralis: global distribution and risk factors. PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 2013;7(7):e2288.
3. Mejia R, Nutman TB. Screening, prevention, and treatment for hyperinfection syndrome and disseminated infections caused by Strongyloides stercoralis. Current opinion in infectious diseases. 2012;25(4):458.
4. Ericsson CD, Steffen R, Siddiqui AA, Berk SL. Diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2001;33(7):1040-7.
5. Segarra-Newnham M. Manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2007;41(12):1992-2001.
6. Montes M, Sawhney C, Barros N. Strongyloides stercoralis: there but not seen. Current opinion in infectious diseases. 2010;23(5):500.
7. Bisoffi Z, Buonfrate D, Montresor A, Requena-Méndez A, Munoz J, Krolewiecki AJ, et al. Strongyloides stercoralis: a plea for action. PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 2013;7(5):e2214.
8. Becker SL, Sieto B, Silué KD, Adjossan L, Koné S, Hatz C, et al. Diagnosis, clinical features, and self-reported morbidity of Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworm infection in a co-endemic setting. PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 2011;5(8):e1292.
9. Saeidinia A, Tavakoli I, Naghipour MR, Rahmati B, Lahiji HG, Salkhori O, et al. Prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis and other intestinal parasites among institutionalized mentally disabled individuals in Rasht, northern Iran. Iranian journal of parasitology. 2016;11(4):527.
10. Fardet L, Genereau T, Cabane J, Kettaneh A. Severe strongyloidiasis in corticosteroid‐treated patients. Clinical microbiology and infection. 2006;12(10):945-7.
11. Wehner JH, Kirsch CM, editors. Pulmonary manifestations of strongyloidiasis. Seminars in respiratory infections; 1997.
12. Gill GV, Welch E, Bailey J, Bell DR, Beeching NJ. Chronic Strongyloides stercoralis infection in former British Far East prisoners of war. Qjm. 2004;97(12):789-95.
13. Chu E, Whitlock WL, Dietrich RA. Pulmonary hyperinfection syndrome with Strongyloides stercoralis. Chest. 1990;97(6):1475-7.
14. Lessnau K-D, Can S, Talavera W. Disseminated Strongyloides stercoralis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: treatment failure and a review of the literature. Chest. 1993;104(1):119-22.
15. Mokhlesi B, Shulzhenko O, Garimella PS, Kuma L, Monti C. Pulmonary strongyloidiasis: the varied clinical presentations. Clinical pulmonary medicine. 2004;11(1):6.
16. Woodring JH, Halfhill 2nd H, Reed JC. Pulmonary strongyloidiasis: clinical and imaging features. AJR American journal of roentgenology. 1994;162(3):537-42.
17. Buonfrate D, Formenti F, Perandin F, Bisoffi Z. Novel approaches to the diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2015;21(6):543-52.
18. Bisoffi Z, Buonfrate D, Sequi M, Mejia R, Cimino RO, Krolewiecki AJ, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of five serologic tests for Strongyloides stercoralis infection. PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 2014;8(1):e2640.
19. Buonfrate D, Sequi M, Mejia R, Cimino RO, Krolewiecki AJ, Albonico M, et al. Accuracy of five serologic tests for the follow up of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 2015;9(2):e0003491.
20. Maayan S, Wormser GP, Widerhorn J, Sy ER, Kim YH, Ernst JA. Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection in a patient with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. The American journal of medicine. 1987;83(5):945-8.
21. Smith B, Verghese A, Guiterrez C, Dralle W, Berk SL. Pulmonary strongyloidiasis. Diagnosis by sputum gram stain. The American journal of medicine. 1985;79(5):663-6.
22. Namisato S, Motomura K, Haranaga S, Hirata T, Toyama M, Shinzato T, et al. Pulmonary strongyloidiasis in a patient receiving prednisolone therapy. Internal medicine. 2004;43(8):731-6.
23. Vijayan VK. Parasitic lung infections. Current opinion in pulmonary medicine. 2009;15(3):274-82.
24. Potter A, Stephens D, De Keulenaer B. Strongyloides hyper-infection: a case for awareness. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology. 2003;97(8):855-60.
25. Igra-Siegman Y, Kapila R, Sen P, Kaminski ZC, Louria DB. Syndrome of hyperinfection with Strongyloides stercoralis. Reviews of infectious diseases. 1981;3(3):397-407.
26. Buonfrate D, Requena-Mendez A, Angheben A, Muñoz J, Gobbi F, Van Den Ende J, et al. Severe strongyloidiasis: a systematic review of case reports. BMC infectious diseases. 2013;13(1):78.
27. Rodriguez‐Hernandez M, Ruiz‐Perez‐Pipaon M, Canas E, Bernal C, Gavilan F. Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection transmitted by liver allograft in a transplant recipient. American Journal of Transplantation. 2009;9(11):2637-40.
28. Scowden EB, Schaffner W, Stone WJ. Overwhelming strongyloidiasis: an unappreciated opportunistic infection. Medicine. 1978;57(6):527-44.
29. Buonfrate D, Angheben A, Gobbi F, Muñoz J, Requena-Mendez A, Gotuzzo E, et al. Imported strongyloidiasis: epidemiology, presentations, and treatment. Current infectious disease reports. 2012;14(3):256-62.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 59, No 9 (2021) | |
| Section | Case Report(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/acta.v59i9.7558 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Strongyloides Stercoralis asthma hyperinfection | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Miratashi Yazdi SA, Nazar E. Strongyloides stercoralis Larvae in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid in the Asthmatic Patient: A Case Report. Acta Med Iran. 2021;59(9):560-563.
