A Systematic Review of Clinical Studies on Mucocutaneous Manifestations of COVID-19: Virus-Related and Drug-Related
-
Elham Behrangi
,
Mohammadreza Ghassemi
,
Afsaneh Sadeghzadeh-Bazargan
,
Masoumeh Roohaninasab
,
Niloufar Najar Nobari
,
Azadeh Goodarzi
Abstract
Coronavirus could affect almost any part of the body including the skin. In this systematic review, the primary skin lesions resulting from the direct activity of the virus or the medications used for treatment and the changes in the behavior of the virus regarding the occurrence of these symptoms over time were assessed. PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, TRIP Cochrane, Cochrane Skin were searched for all published articles from February 19 to July 1, 2020, which met the inclusion criteria. Thirty-six related articles were extracted. Twenty-eight studies reported virus-related mucocutaneous eruptions and 8 articles, the drug-reactions. Data of 583 patients were included. Skin lesions of COVID-19 could be caused by both the virus itself or the influence of drugs used for the treatment. Morbilliform rashes, urticaria, and acral-vasculopathic cutaneous lesions were at the forefront of primary COVID-dependent skin lesions with no significant change during time, Also, Hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, paracetamol, and antibiotics were reported as the main causes of drug-induced rashes. Since dermatologic manifestations may occur prior or simultaneously/after other COVID clinical symptoms, so they may helpful in patients’ early diagnosis or prediction of internal organ involvements via histopathologic evaluations of skin biopsies especially about vasculopathic and vasculitic, respectively.
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2. Kurdoğlu M, Khaki A. What Is the Current State of Knowledge About the Novel Coronavirus Infection During Pregnancy? Int J Womens Health Reprod Sci 2020;8:110-11.
3. Yan Y, Chen H, Chen L, Cheng B, Diao P, Dong L, et al. Consensus of Chinese experts on protection of skin and mucous membrane barrier for health‐care workers fighting against coronavirus disease 2019. Dermatol Ther 2020;33:e13310.
4. Sachdeva M, Gianotti R, Shah M, Lucia B, Tosi D, Veraldi S, et al. Cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19: Report of three cases and a review of literature. J Dermatol Sci 2020;98:75-81.
5. Najar Nobari N, Goodarzi A. Patients with specific skin disorders who are affected by COVID‐19: what do experiences say about management strategies? A systematic review. Dermatol Ther 2020;33:e13867.
6. Vaira LA, Salzano G, Deiana G, De Riu G. In Response to Anosmia and Ageusia: Common Findings in COVID‐19 Patients. Laryngoscope 2020;130:1787.
7. Wollina U, Karadağ AS, Rowland‐Payne C, Chiriac A, Lotti T. Cutaneous Signs in COVID‐19 Patients: A Review. Dermatol Therapy 2020;33:e13549.
8. Seirafianpour F, Sodagar S, Mohammad AP, Panahi P, Mozafarpoor S, Almasi S, et al. Cutaneous manifestations and considerations in COVID‐19 pandemic: A systematic review. Dermatol Ther 2020;33;e13986.
9. van Smeden J, Bouwstra JA. Stratum corneum lipids: their role for the skin barrier function in healthy subjects and atopic dermatitis patients. Curr Probl Dermatol2016;49:8-26.
10. Wang JV, Parish LC. Dermatologic Manifestations of the 1918-1919 Influenza Pandemic. Skinmed 2019;17:296-7.
11. Adhikari SP, Meng S, Wu YJ, Mao YP, Ye RX, Wang QZ, et al. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review. Infect Dis Poverty 2020;9:29.
12. Joob B, Wiwanitkit V. COVID-19 in medical personnel: observation from Thailand. J Hosp Infect2020;104:453.
13. Magro C, Mulvey JJ, Berlin D, Nuovo G, Salvatore S, Harp J, et al. Complement associated microvascular injury and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 infection: a report of five cases. Transl Res 2020;220:1-13.
14. Recalcati S. Cutaneous manifestations in COVID‐19: a first perspective. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020;34:e212-3.
15. Gianotti R, Zerbi P, Dodiuk-Gad RP. Clinical and histopathological study of skin dermatoses in patients affected by COVID-19 infection in the Northern part of Italy. J Dermatol Sci 2020;98:141-3.
16. Joob B, Wiwanitkit V. COVID-19 can present with a rash and be mistaken for Dengue. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020;82:e177.
17. Xiao Y, Liu Y, Zheng S, Yang Y, Fan S, Yang C, et al. Relationship between hypertension and body mass index, waist circumference and waist-hip ratio in middle-aged and elderly residents. Zhonghua liu xing bing xue za zhi 2016;37:1223-7.
18. Hunt M, Koziatek C. A Case of COVID-19 Pneumonia in a Young Male with Full Body Rash as a Presenting. Clin Pract Cases Emerg Med 2020;4:219-21.
19. Sanchez A, Sohier P, Benghanem S, L’Honneur AS,Rozenberg F, Dupin N, et al. Digitate papulosquamous eruption associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. JAMA Dermatol 2020;156:819-20.
20. Olisova OY, Anpilogova E, Shnakhova L. Cutaneous manifestations in COVID‐19: a skin rash in a child. Dermatol Ther 2020;33:e13712.
21. Kamali Aghdam M, Jafari N, Eftekhari K. Novel coronavirus in a 15-day-old neonate with clinical signs of sepsis, a case report. Infect Dis (Lond)2020;52:427-9.
22. Diaz-Guimaraens B, Dominguez-Santas M, Suarez-Valle A, Pindado-Ortega C, Selda-Enriquez G, Bea-Ardebol S, et al. Petechial skin rash associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. JAMA Dermatol 2020;156:820-2.
23. Manalo IF, Smith MK, Cheeley J, Jacobs R. A dermatologic manifestation of COVID-19: transient livedo reticularis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020;83:700.
24. Marzano AV, Genovese G, Fabbrocini G, Pigatto P, Monfrecola G, Piraccini BM, et al. Varicella-like exanthem as a specific COVID-19–associated skin manifestation: Multicenter case series of 22 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020;83:280-5.
25. Alramthan A, Aldaraji W. Two cases of COVID‐19 presenting with a clinical picture resembling chilblains: first report from the Middle East. Clin Exp Dermatol 2020;45:746-8.
26. Fernandez‐Nieto D, Ortega‐Quijano D, Segurado‐Miravalles G, Pindado‐Ortega C, Prieto‐Barrios M, Jimenez‐Cauhe J. Comment on: Cutaneous manifestations in COVID‐19: a first perspective. Safety concerns of clinical images and skin biopsies. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020;34:e252-e4.
27. Zhang JJ, Dong X, Yd Y, Yq Y. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan. China n/a (n/a). Allergy 2020;75:1730-41.
28. Henry D, Ackerman M, Sancelme E, Finon A, Esteve E. Urticarial eruption in COVID‐19 infection. J Eur Acad Dermat Venereol 2020;34:e244-e5.
29. Bouaziz J, Duong T, Jachiet M, Velter C, Lestang P, Cassius C, et al. Vascular skin symptoms in COVID‐19: a french observational study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020;34:e451-2.
30. Ahouach B, Harant S, Ullmer A, Martres P, Bégon E, Blum L, et al. Cutaneous lesions in a patient with COVID‐19: are they related? Br J Dermatol 2020;183:e31.
31. Wu P, Liang L, Chen C, Nie S. A child confirmed COVID-19 with only symptoms of conjunctivitis and eyelid dermatitis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020;258:1565-6.
32. Hoenig LJ, Pereira FA. Eruption as a clinical manifestation of COVID-19: Photographs of a patient. Clin Dermatol 2020;38:502-5.
33. Amatore F, Macagno N, Mailhe M, Demarez B, Gaudy‐Marqueste C, Grob J, et al. SARS‐CoV‐2 infection presenting as a febrile rash. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020;34:e304-e306.
34. Mazzotta F, Troccoli T. Acute acro-ischemia in the child at the time of COVID-19. Eur J Pediatr Dermatol 2020;30:71-4.
35. Andina D, Noguera‐Morel L, Bascuas‐Arribas M, Gaitero‐Tristán J, Alonso‐Cadenas JA, Escalada‐Pellitero S, et al. Chilblains in children in the setting of COVID-19 pandemic. Pediatr Dermatol 2020;37:406-11.
36. de Masson A, Bouaziz JD, Sulimovic L, Cassius C, Jachiet M, Ionescu M-A, et al. Chilblains are a common cutaneous finding during the COVID-19 pandemic: a retrospective nationwide study from France. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020;83:667-70.
37. Landa N, Mendieta‐Eckert M, Fonda‐Pascual P, Aguirre T. Chilblain‐like lesions on feet and hands during the COVID‐19 Pandemic. Int J Dermatol 2020;59:739-43.
38. Lu S, Lin J, Zhang Z, Xiao L, Jiang Z, Chen J, et al. Alert for non‐respiratory symptoms of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients in epidemic period: a case report of familial cluster with three asymptomatic COVID‐19 patients. J Med Virol 2021;93:518-21.
39. Estébanez A, Pérez‐Santiago L, Silva E, Guillen‐Climent S, García‐Vázquez A, Ramón MD. Cutaneous manifestations in COVID‐19: a new contribution. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020;34:e250-1.
40. Mahé A, Birckel E, Krieger S, Merklen C, Bottlaender L. A distinctive skin rash associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019? J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020;34:e246-7.
41. Duramaz BB, Yozgat CY, Yozgat Y, Turel O. Appearance of skin rash in pediatric patients with COVID‐19: Three case presentations. Dermatol Ther 2020;33:e13594.
42. Skroza N, Bernardini N, Balduzzi V, Mambrin A, Marchesiello A, Michelini S, et al. A late onset widespread skin rash in a previous Covid‐19 infected patient: viral or multidrug effect? J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020 Sep;34:e438-9.
43. Najarian DJ. Morbilliform exanthem associated with COVID-19. JAAD Case Rep 2020;6:493-4.
44. Zengarini C, Orioni G, Cascavilla A, Horna Solera C, Fulgaro C, Misciali C, et al. Histological pattern in Covid‐19 induced viral rash. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020;34:e453-4.
45. Jia JL, Kamceva M, Rao SA, Linos E. Cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19: a preliminary review. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020;83:687-90.
46. Santonja C, Pielasinski Ú, Polo J, Kutzner H, Requena L. Immunohistochemical Demonstration of Parvovirus B19 Viral Protein 2 in Periflexural Exanthema in an Adult, Supporting Antibody-Dependent Enhancement as Means of Endothelial Uptake of the Virus. Am J Dermatopathol 2018;40:e19-24.
47. Prantsidis A, Rigopoulos D, Papatheodorou G, Menounos P, Gregoriou S, Alexiou-Mousatou I, et al. Detection of human herpesvirus 8 in the skin of patients with pityriasis rosea. Acta Derm Venereol 2009;89:604-6.
48. Suchonwanit P, Leerunyakul K, Kositkuljorn C. Cutaneous manifestations in COVID-19: Lessons learned from current evidence. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020;83:e57-60.
49. Sadeghzadeh Bazargan A, Behrangi E, Goodarzi A. Cytokine storm and probable role of immunoregulatory drugs in COVID-19: A comprehensive review study. Iran J Dermatol 2020;23:S13-8.
50. Sadeghzadeh Bazargan A, Behrangi E, Goodarzi A. Systemic retinoids in the COVID-19 era – are they helpful, safe, or harmful? a comprehensive systematized review study. Iran J Dermatol 2020;23:S9-12.
51. Atefi NS, Behrangi E, Mozafarpoor S, Seirafianpour F, Peighambari S, Goodarzi A. N acetylcysteine and coronavirus disease 2019: May it work as a beneficial preventive and adjuvant therapy? A comprehensive review study. J Res Med Sci 2020;25:109.
52. Mohamadi MM, Goodarzi A, Aryannejad A, Fattahi N, Alizadeh-Khoei M, Miri S, et al . Geriatric challenges in the new coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic: A systematic review. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2020;34:123.
53. Seirafianpour F, Mozafarpoor S, Fattahi N, Sadeghzadeh‐Bazargan A, Hanifiha M, Goodarzi A. Treatment of COVID‐19 with pentoxifylline: Could it be a potential adjuvant therapy? Dermatol Ther 2020;33:e13733.
54. Najar Nobari N, Seirafianpour F, Mashayekhi F, Goodarzi A. A systematic review on treatment-related mucocutaneous reactions in COVID-19 patients. Dermatol Ther 2021;34:e14662.
55. Mohamadi M, FattahiN, Goodarzi A, Alizadeh-Khoei M, Miri Sh, Hekmat H, et al. A Comprehensive Review on COVID-19 Infection and Comorbidities of Various Organs. Acta Med Iran 2021;59:4-14.
56. Najar Nobari N, Montazer F, SeirafianpourF, Nikkhah F, Aryanian Z, Goodarzi, A. Histopathologic Changes and Cellular Events of Organs Systems in COVID-19. J Cell MolAnesth 2021;6:81-8.
57. Kooranifar S, Sadeghipour A, Riahi T, Goodarzi A, Tabrizi S, Davoody N. Histopathologic survey on lung necropsy specimens of 15 patients who died from COVID-19: A large study from Iran with a high rate of anthracosis. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2021;35:63.
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2. Kurdoğlu M, Khaki A. What Is the Current State of Knowledge About the Novel Coronavirus Infection During Pregnancy? Int J Womens Health Reprod Sci 2020;8:110-11.
3. Yan Y, Chen H, Chen L, Cheng B, Diao P, Dong L, et al. Consensus of Chinese experts on protection of skin and mucous membrane barrier for health‐care workers fighting against coronavirus disease 2019. Dermatol Ther 2020;33:e13310.
4. Sachdeva M, Gianotti R, Shah M, Lucia B, Tosi D, Veraldi S, et al. Cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19: Report of three cases and a review of literature. J Dermatol Sci 2020;98:75-81.
5. Najar Nobari N, Goodarzi A. Patients with specific skin disorders who are affected by COVID‐19: what do experiences say about management strategies? A systematic review. Dermatol Ther 2020;33:e13867.
6. Vaira LA, Salzano G, Deiana G, De Riu G. In Response to Anosmia and Ageusia: Common Findings in COVID‐19 Patients. Laryngoscope 2020;130:1787.
7. Wollina U, Karadağ AS, Rowland‐Payne C, Chiriac A, Lotti T. Cutaneous Signs in COVID‐19 Patients: A Review. Dermatol Therapy 2020;33:e13549.
8. Seirafianpour F, Sodagar S, Mohammad AP, Panahi P, Mozafarpoor S, Almasi S, et al. Cutaneous manifestations and considerations in COVID‐19 pandemic: A systematic review. Dermatol Ther 2020;33;e13986.
9. van Smeden J, Bouwstra JA. Stratum corneum lipids: their role for the skin barrier function in healthy subjects and atopic dermatitis patients. Curr Probl Dermatol2016;49:8-26.
10. Wang JV, Parish LC. Dermatologic Manifestations of the 1918-1919 Influenza Pandemic. Skinmed 2019;17:296-7.
11. Adhikari SP, Meng S, Wu YJ, Mao YP, Ye RX, Wang QZ, et al. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review. Infect Dis Poverty 2020;9:29.
12. Joob B, Wiwanitkit V. COVID-19 in medical personnel: observation from Thailand. J Hosp Infect2020;104:453.
13. Magro C, Mulvey JJ, Berlin D, Nuovo G, Salvatore S, Harp J, et al. Complement associated microvascular injury and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 infection: a report of five cases. Transl Res 2020;220:1-13.
14. Recalcati S. Cutaneous manifestations in COVID‐19: a first perspective. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020;34:e212-3.
15. Gianotti R, Zerbi P, Dodiuk-Gad RP. Clinical and histopathological study of skin dermatoses in patients affected by COVID-19 infection in the Northern part of Italy. J Dermatol Sci 2020;98:141-3.
16. Joob B, Wiwanitkit V. COVID-19 can present with a rash and be mistaken for Dengue. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020;82:e177.
17. Xiao Y, Liu Y, Zheng S, Yang Y, Fan S, Yang C, et al. Relationship between hypertension and body mass index, waist circumference and waist-hip ratio in middle-aged and elderly residents. Zhonghua liu xing bing xue za zhi 2016;37:1223-7.
18. Hunt M, Koziatek C. A Case of COVID-19 Pneumonia in a Young Male with Full Body Rash as a Presenting. Clin Pract Cases Emerg Med 2020;4:219-21.
19. Sanchez A, Sohier P, Benghanem S, L’Honneur AS,Rozenberg F, Dupin N, et al. Digitate papulosquamous eruption associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. JAMA Dermatol 2020;156:819-20.
20. Olisova OY, Anpilogova E, Shnakhova L. Cutaneous manifestations in COVID‐19: a skin rash in a child. Dermatol Ther 2020;33:e13712.
21. Kamali Aghdam M, Jafari N, Eftekhari K. Novel coronavirus in a 15-day-old neonate with clinical signs of sepsis, a case report. Infect Dis (Lond)2020;52:427-9.
22. Diaz-Guimaraens B, Dominguez-Santas M, Suarez-Valle A, Pindado-Ortega C, Selda-Enriquez G, Bea-Ardebol S, et al. Petechial skin rash associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. JAMA Dermatol 2020;156:820-2.
23. Manalo IF, Smith MK, Cheeley J, Jacobs R. A dermatologic manifestation of COVID-19: transient livedo reticularis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020;83:700.
24. Marzano AV, Genovese G, Fabbrocini G, Pigatto P, Monfrecola G, Piraccini BM, et al. Varicella-like exanthem as a specific COVID-19–associated skin manifestation: Multicenter case series of 22 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020;83:280-5.
25. Alramthan A, Aldaraji W. Two cases of COVID‐19 presenting with a clinical picture resembling chilblains: first report from the Middle East. Clin Exp Dermatol 2020;45:746-8.
26. Fernandez‐Nieto D, Ortega‐Quijano D, Segurado‐Miravalles G, Pindado‐Ortega C, Prieto‐Barrios M, Jimenez‐Cauhe J. Comment on: Cutaneous manifestations in COVID‐19: a first perspective. Safety concerns of clinical images and skin biopsies. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020;34:e252-e4.
27. Zhang JJ, Dong X, Yd Y, Yq Y. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan. China n/a (n/a). Allergy 2020;75:1730-41.
28. Henry D, Ackerman M, Sancelme E, Finon A, Esteve E. Urticarial eruption in COVID‐19 infection. J Eur Acad Dermat Venereol 2020;34:e244-e5.
29. Bouaziz J, Duong T, Jachiet M, Velter C, Lestang P, Cassius C, et al. Vascular skin symptoms in COVID‐19: a french observational study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020;34:e451-2.
30. Ahouach B, Harant S, Ullmer A, Martres P, Bégon E, Blum L, et al. Cutaneous lesions in a patient with COVID‐19: are they related? Br J Dermatol 2020;183:e31.
31. Wu P, Liang L, Chen C, Nie S. A child confirmed COVID-19 with only symptoms of conjunctivitis and eyelid dermatitis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020;258:1565-6.
32. Hoenig LJ, Pereira FA. Eruption as a clinical manifestation of COVID-19: Photographs of a patient. Clin Dermatol 2020;38:502-5.
33. Amatore F, Macagno N, Mailhe M, Demarez B, Gaudy‐Marqueste C, Grob J, et al. SARS‐CoV‐2 infection presenting as a febrile rash. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020;34:e304-e306.
34. Mazzotta F, Troccoli T. Acute acro-ischemia in the child at the time of COVID-19. Eur J Pediatr Dermatol 2020;30:71-4.
35. Andina D, Noguera‐Morel L, Bascuas‐Arribas M, Gaitero‐Tristán J, Alonso‐Cadenas JA, Escalada‐Pellitero S, et al. Chilblains in children in the setting of COVID-19 pandemic. Pediatr Dermatol 2020;37:406-11.
36. de Masson A, Bouaziz JD, Sulimovic L, Cassius C, Jachiet M, Ionescu M-A, et al. Chilblains are a common cutaneous finding during the COVID-19 pandemic: a retrospective nationwide study from France. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020;83:667-70.
37. Landa N, Mendieta‐Eckert M, Fonda‐Pascual P, Aguirre T. Chilblain‐like lesions on feet and hands during the COVID‐19 Pandemic. Int J Dermatol 2020;59:739-43.
38. Lu S, Lin J, Zhang Z, Xiao L, Jiang Z, Chen J, et al. Alert for non‐respiratory symptoms of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients in epidemic period: a case report of familial cluster with three asymptomatic COVID‐19 patients. J Med Virol 2021;93:518-21.
39. Estébanez A, Pérez‐Santiago L, Silva E, Guillen‐Climent S, García‐Vázquez A, Ramón MD. Cutaneous manifestations in COVID‐19: a new contribution. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020;34:e250-1.
40. Mahé A, Birckel E, Krieger S, Merklen C, Bottlaender L. A distinctive skin rash associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019? J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020;34:e246-7.
41. Duramaz BB, Yozgat CY, Yozgat Y, Turel O. Appearance of skin rash in pediatric patients with COVID‐19: Three case presentations. Dermatol Ther 2020;33:e13594.
42. Skroza N, Bernardini N, Balduzzi V, Mambrin A, Marchesiello A, Michelini S, et al. A late onset widespread skin rash in a previous Covid‐19 infected patient: viral or multidrug effect? J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020 Sep;34:e438-9.
43. Najarian DJ. Morbilliform exanthem associated with COVID-19. JAAD Case Rep 2020;6:493-4.
44. Zengarini C, Orioni G, Cascavilla A, Horna Solera C, Fulgaro C, Misciali C, et al. Histological pattern in Covid‐19 induced viral rash. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020;34:e453-4.
45. Jia JL, Kamceva M, Rao SA, Linos E. Cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19: a preliminary review. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020;83:687-90.
46. Santonja C, Pielasinski Ú, Polo J, Kutzner H, Requena L. Immunohistochemical Demonstration of Parvovirus B19 Viral Protein 2 in Periflexural Exanthema in an Adult, Supporting Antibody-Dependent Enhancement as Means of Endothelial Uptake of the Virus. Am J Dermatopathol 2018;40:e19-24.
47. Prantsidis A, Rigopoulos D, Papatheodorou G, Menounos P, Gregoriou S, Alexiou-Mousatou I, et al. Detection of human herpesvirus 8 in the skin of patients with pityriasis rosea. Acta Derm Venereol 2009;89:604-6.
48. Suchonwanit P, Leerunyakul K, Kositkuljorn C. Cutaneous manifestations in COVID-19: Lessons learned from current evidence. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020;83:e57-60.
49. Sadeghzadeh Bazargan A, Behrangi E, Goodarzi A. Cytokine storm and probable role of immunoregulatory drugs in COVID-19: A comprehensive review study. Iran J Dermatol 2020;23:S13-8.
50. Sadeghzadeh Bazargan A, Behrangi E, Goodarzi A. Systemic retinoids in the COVID-19 era – are they helpful, safe, or harmful? a comprehensive systematized review study. Iran J Dermatol 2020;23:S9-12.
51. Atefi NS, Behrangi E, Mozafarpoor S, Seirafianpour F, Peighambari S, Goodarzi A. N acetylcysteine and coronavirus disease 2019: May it work as a beneficial preventive and adjuvant therapy? A comprehensive review study. J Res Med Sci 2020;25:109.
52. Mohamadi MM, Goodarzi A, Aryannejad A, Fattahi N, Alizadeh-Khoei M, Miri S, et al . Geriatric challenges in the new coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic: A systematic review. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2020;34:123.
53. Seirafianpour F, Mozafarpoor S, Fattahi N, Sadeghzadeh‐Bazargan A, Hanifiha M, Goodarzi A. Treatment of COVID‐19 with pentoxifylline: Could it be a potential adjuvant therapy? Dermatol Ther 2020;33:e13733.
54. Najar Nobari N, Seirafianpour F, Mashayekhi F, Goodarzi A. A systematic review on treatment-related mucocutaneous reactions in COVID-19 patients. Dermatol Ther 2021;34:e14662.
55. Mohamadi M, FattahiN, Goodarzi A, Alizadeh-Khoei M, Miri Sh, Hekmat H, et al. A Comprehensive Review on COVID-19 Infection and Comorbidities of Various Organs. Acta Med Iran 2021;59:4-14.
56. Najar Nobari N, Montazer F, SeirafianpourF, Nikkhah F, Aryanian Z, Goodarzi, A. Histopathologic Changes and Cellular Events of Organs Systems in COVID-19. J Cell MolAnesth 2021;6:81-8.
57. Kooranifar S, Sadeghipour A, Riahi T, Goodarzi A, Tabrizi S, Davoody N. Histopathologic survey on lung necropsy specimens of 15 patients who died from COVID-19: A large study from Iran with a high rate of anthracosis. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2021;35:63.
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 59, No 12 (2021) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/acta.v59i12.8056 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Corona Skin Cutaneous Mucocutaneous Viral rash Drug rash Systematic review Skin rash Drug eruption Medicinal rash Drug Dermatology Medication | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Behrangi E, Ghassemi M, Sadeghzadeh-Bazargan A, Roohaninasab M, Najar Nobari N, Goodarzi A. A Systematic Review of Clinical Studies on Mucocutaneous Manifestations of COVID-19: Virus-Related and Drug-Related. Acta Med Iran. 2021;59(12):687-698.
