The Effect of 12 Weeks Endurance, Resistance and Combined Exercise Training on the Levels of Pentraxin 3 and TNF-α in Sedentary Women With Obesity
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Abstract
It’s reported that different exercise training modalities can exert anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects, and present study conducted for investigating the changes in the levels of pentraxin 3 and TNF-α following 12 weeks endurance, resistance and combined training in sedentary women with obesity. The 48 sedentary women aged 20-35 years old with average body mass index 32.1±1.26 kg.m2 selected among voluntaries for take part in this research and randomly divided in four 12-subject groups: combined (endurance and resistance), control, endurance and resistance groups. The 12 weeks (three session weekly) duration protocol, designed for all training modalities. The 60 % of reserve heart rate and 75 % of 1RM, considered for intensity of endurance and resistance training program respectively. Blood sampling performed at the baseline and 2 days after last training session. Following measurement of variables levels, data were analyzed with ANCOVA test and Bonferroni post‐hoc test. Pentraxin 3 levels don’t change significantly after 12 weeks interventions (P=0.402), but TNF-α level significantly decreased in endurance (P=0.033) and combined (P<0.001) training groups compared to the control group. Although, body fat percentage reduction was observed in all trained groups (P<0.001), but its reduction was also significant in endurance and combined training groups compared to the resistance training group (P<0.001). Although we don’t observe a significant change in the pentraxin 3 levels with different training, it seems that the anti-inflammatory effect of endurance and combined training (indicated by TNF-α reduction) is related to the further effect of these training in decrease in body fat mass, as a main source of inflammation.
1. Tsigalou C, Vallianou N, Dalamaga M. Autoantibody production in obesity: is there evidence for a link between obesity and autoimmunity? Curr Obes Rep 2020;9:245-54.
2. Tremmel M, Gerdtham UG, Nilsson PM, Saha S. Economic burden of obesity: a systematic literature review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017;14:435.
3. Zorena K, Jachimowicz‑Duda O, Ślęzak D, Robakowska M, Mrugacz M. Adipokines and obesity. Potential link to metabolic disorders and chronic complications. Int J Mol Sci 2020;21:3570.
4. Kirichenko TV, Markina YV, Bogatyreva AI, Tolstik TV, Varaeva YR, Starodubova AV. The role of adipokines in inflammatory mechanisms of obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2022;23:14982.
5. Unamuno X, Gómez‑Ambrosi J, Rodríguez A, Becerril S, Frühbeck G, Catalán V. Adipokine dysregulation and adipose tissue inflammation in human obesity. Eur J Clin Invest 2018;48:e12997.
6. Castro A, Macedo‑De la Concha L, Pantoja‑Meléndez C. Low‑grade inflammation and its relation to obesity and chronic degenerative diseases. Rev Med Hosp Gen Mex 2017;80:101-5.
7. Khanna D, Khanna S, Khanna P, Kahar P, Patel BM. Obesity: a chronic low‑grade inflammation and its markers. Cureus 2022;14:e.
8. Jang DI, Lee AH, Shin HY, Song HR, Park JH, Kang TB, et al. The role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‑α) in autoimmune disease and current TNF‑α inhibitors in therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2021;22:2719.
9. Akash MSH, Rehman K, Liaqat A. Tumor necrosis factor‑alpha: role in development of insulin resistance and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Cell Biochem 2018;119:105-10.
10. Shin MK, Choi B, Kim EY, Park JE, Hwang ES, Lee HJ, et al. Elevated pentraxin 3 in obese adipose tissue promotes adipogenic differentiation by activating neuropeptide Y signaling. Front Immunol 2018;9:1790.
11. Moon YS, Kim DH, Song DK. Serum tumor necrosis factor‑α levels and components of the metabolic syndrome in obese adolescents. Metabolism 2004;53:863-7.
12. Dervisoglu P, Elmas B. Pentraxin 3 as a marker for cardiovascular disease risk in overweight and obese children. Acta Cardiol Sin 2021;37:177.
13. Kardas F, Akın L, Kurtoglu S, Kendirci M, Kardas Z. Plasma pentraxin 3 as a biomarker of metabolic syndrome. Indian J Pediatr 2015;82:35-8.
14. Karamfilova V, Assyov Y, Nedeva I, Gateva A, Ivanova I, Cherkezov N, et al. Increased serum pentraxin 3 is associated with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in obese patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2022;20:132-6.
15. Beavers KM, Brinkley TE, Nicklas BJ. Effect of exercise training on chronic inflammation. Clin Chim Acta 2010;411:785-93.
16. Hovsepian V, Marandi SM, Esfarjani F, Zavar R, Sadeghi M. The effect of all‑extremity high‑intensity interval training on plasma pentraxin 3 in young overweight and obese women. Asian J Sports Med 2019;10:e.
17. Zempo‑Miyaki A, Fujie S, Sato K, Hasegawa N, Sanada K, Maeda S, et al. Elevated pentraxin 3 level at the early stage of exercise training is associated with reduction of arterial stiffness in middle‑aged and older adults. J Hum Hypertens 2016;30:521-6.
18. Kooti M, Soori R, Shabkhiz F, Pournemati P. The effect of three month combined training on the serum levels of interleukin‑6 and C‑reactive protein in sedentary obese women. J Basic Res Med Sci 2022;9:34-44.
19. Ho SS, Dhaliwal SS, Hills AP, Pal S. The effect of 12 weeks of aerobic, resistance or combination exercise training on cardiovascular risk factors in the overweight and obese in a randomized trial. BMC Public Health 2012;12:1-10.
20. Abdul‑Hameed U, Rangra P, Shareef MY, Hussain ME. Reliability of 1‑repetition maximum estimation for upper and lower body muscular strength measurement in untrained middle aged type 2 diabetic patients. Asian J Sports Med 2012;3:267.
21. Witasp A, Carrero JJ, Michaëlsson K, Ahlström H, Kullberg J, Adamsson V, et al. Inflammatory biomarker pentraxin 3 (PTX3) in relation to obesity, body fat depots and weight loss. Obesity 2014;22:1373-9.
22. Estébanez B, Rodriguez AL, Visavadiya NP, Whitehurst M, Cuevas MJ, González‑Gallego J, et al. Aerobic training down‑regulates pentraxin 3 and pentraxin 3/Toll‑like receptor 4 ratio, irrespective of oxidative stress response, in elderly subjects. Antioxidants 2020;9:110.
23. Liu Y, Liu SX, Cai Y, Xie KL, Zhang WL, Zheng F. Effects of combined aerobic and resistance training on the glycolipid metabolism and inflammation levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Phys Ther Sci 2015;27:2365-71.
24. Slusher AL, Fico BG, Dodge KM, Garten RS, Ferrandi PJ, Rodriguez AA, et al. Impact of acute high‑intensity interval exercise on plasma pentraxin 3 and endothelial function in obese individuals: a pilot study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021;121:1567-77.
25. Zempo‑Miyaki A, Kumagai H, Yoshikawa T, Myoenzono K, So R, Otsuki T, et al. Pentraxin 3 increases in adult overweight and obese men after weight loss by dietary modification with exercise training. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019;44:111-7.
26. Madsen SM, Thorup AC, Bjerre M, Jeppesen PB. Does 8 weeks of strenuous bicycle exercise improve diabetes‑related inflammatory cytokines and free fatty acids in type 2 diabetes patients and individuals at high risk of metabolic syndrome? Arch Physiol Biochem 2015;121:129-38.
27. Rose GL, Skinner TL, Mielke GI, Schaumberg MA. The effect of exercise intensity on chronic inflammation: a systematic review and meta‑analysis. J Sci Med Sport 2021;24:345-51.
28. Mateus K, Brunelli DT, Gáspari AF, Bonganha V, Bonfante IL, Chacon‑Mikahil M, et al. Effects of combined training on total ghrelin and tumor necrosis factor‑α in obese middle‑aged men. Motriz 2018;24:e1018143.
29. Gustafson B. Adipose tissue, inflammation and atherosclerosis. J Atheroscler Thromb 2010;17:332-41.
30. Khalafi M, Akbari A, Symonds ME, Pourvaghar MJ, Rosenkranz SK, Tabari E. Influence of different modes of exercise training on inflammatory markers in older adults with and without chronic diseases: a systematic review and meta‑analysis. Cytokine 2023;169:156303.
31. You T, Arsenis NC, Disanzo BL, LaMonte MJ. Effects of exercise training on chronic inflammation in obesity: current evidence and potential mechanisms. Sports Med 2013;43:243-56.
32. Kawai T, Autieri MV, Scalia R. Adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic dysfunction in obesity. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021;320:C375-91.
33. Cornish SM, Chilibeck PD, Candow DG. Potential importance of immune system response to exercise on aging muscle and bone. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2020;18:350-6.
2. Tremmel M, Gerdtham UG, Nilsson PM, Saha S. Economic burden of obesity: a systematic literature review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017;14:435.
3. Zorena K, Jachimowicz‑Duda O, Ślęzak D, Robakowska M, Mrugacz M. Adipokines and obesity. Potential link to metabolic disorders and chronic complications. Int J Mol Sci 2020;21:3570.
4. Kirichenko TV, Markina YV, Bogatyreva AI, Tolstik TV, Varaeva YR, Starodubova AV. The role of adipokines in inflammatory mechanisms of obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2022;23:14982.
5. Unamuno X, Gómez‑Ambrosi J, Rodríguez A, Becerril S, Frühbeck G, Catalán V. Adipokine dysregulation and adipose tissue inflammation in human obesity. Eur J Clin Invest 2018;48:e12997.
6. Castro A, Macedo‑De la Concha L, Pantoja‑Meléndez C. Low‑grade inflammation and its relation to obesity and chronic degenerative diseases. Rev Med Hosp Gen Mex 2017;80:101-5.
7. Khanna D, Khanna S, Khanna P, Kahar P, Patel BM. Obesity: a chronic low‑grade inflammation and its markers. Cureus 2022;14:e.
8. Jang DI, Lee AH, Shin HY, Song HR, Park JH, Kang TB, et al. The role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‑α) in autoimmune disease and current TNF‑α inhibitors in therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2021;22:2719.
9. Akash MSH, Rehman K, Liaqat A. Tumor necrosis factor‑alpha: role in development of insulin resistance and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Cell Biochem 2018;119:105-10.
10. Shin MK, Choi B, Kim EY, Park JE, Hwang ES, Lee HJ, et al. Elevated pentraxin 3 in obese adipose tissue promotes adipogenic differentiation by activating neuropeptide Y signaling. Front Immunol 2018;9:1790.
11. Moon YS, Kim DH, Song DK. Serum tumor necrosis factor‑α levels and components of the metabolic syndrome in obese adolescents. Metabolism 2004;53:863-7.
12. Dervisoglu P, Elmas B. Pentraxin 3 as a marker for cardiovascular disease risk in overweight and obese children. Acta Cardiol Sin 2021;37:177.
13. Kardas F, Akın L, Kurtoglu S, Kendirci M, Kardas Z. Plasma pentraxin 3 as a biomarker of metabolic syndrome. Indian J Pediatr 2015;82:35-8.
14. Karamfilova V, Assyov Y, Nedeva I, Gateva A, Ivanova I, Cherkezov N, et al. Increased serum pentraxin 3 is associated with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in obese patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2022;20:132-6.
15. Beavers KM, Brinkley TE, Nicklas BJ. Effect of exercise training on chronic inflammation. Clin Chim Acta 2010;411:785-93.
16. Hovsepian V, Marandi SM, Esfarjani F, Zavar R, Sadeghi M. The effect of all‑extremity high‑intensity interval training on plasma pentraxin 3 in young overweight and obese women. Asian J Sports Med 2019;10:e.
17. Zempo‑Miyaki A, Fujie S, Sato K, Hasegawa N, Sanada K, Maeda S, et al. Elevated pentraxin 3 level at the early stage of exercise training is associated with reduction of arterial stiffness in middle‑aged and older adults. J Hum Hypertens 2016;30:521-6.
18. Kooti M, Soori R, Shabkhiz F, Pournemati P. The effect of three month combined training on the serum levels of interleukin‑6 and C‑reactive protein in sedentary obese women. J Basic Res Med Sci 2022;9:34-44.
19. Ho SS, Dhaliwal SS, Hills AP, Pal S. The effect of 12 weeks of aerobic, resistance or combination exercise training on cardiovascular risk factors in the overweight and obese in a randomized trial. BMC Public Health 2012;12:1-10.
20. Abdul‑Hameed U, Rangra P, Shareef MY, Hussain ME. Reliability of 1‑repetition maximum estimation for upper and lower body muscular strength measurement in untrained middle aged type 2 diabetic patients. Asian J Sports Med 2012;3:267.
21. Witasp A, Carrero JJ, Michaëlsson K, Ahlström H, Kullberg J, Adamsson V, et al. Inflammatory biomarker pentraxin 3 (PTX3) in relation to obesity, body fat depots and weight loss. Obesity 2014;22:1373-9.
22. Estébanez B, Rodriguez AL, Visavadiya NP, Whitehurst M, Cuevas MJ, González‑Gallego J, et al. Aerobic training down‑regulates pentraxin 3 and pentraxin 3/Toll‑like receptor 4 ratio, irrespective of oxidative stress response, in elderly subjects. Antioxidants 2020;9:110.
23. Liu Y, Liu SX, Cai Y, Xie KL, Zhang WL, Zheng F. Effects of combined aerobic and resistance training on the glycolipid metabolism and inflammation levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Phys Ther Sci 2015;27:2365-71.
24. Slusher AL, Fico BG, Dodge KM, Garten RS, Ferrandi PJ, Rodriguez AA, et al. Impact of acute high‑intensity interval exercise on plasma pentraxin 3 and endothelial function in obese individuals: a pilot study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021;121:1567-77.
25. Zempo‑Miyaki A, Kumagai H, Yoshikawa T, Myoenzono K, So R, Otsuki T, et al. Pentraxin 3 increases in adult overweight and obese men after weight loss by dietary modification with exercise training. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019;44:111-7.
26. Madsen SM, Thorup AC, Bjerre M, Jeppesen PB. Does 8 weeks of strenuous bicycle exercise improve diabetes‑related inflammatory cytokines and free fatty acids in type 2 diabetes patients and individuals at high risk of metabolic syndrome? Arch Physiol Biochem 2015;121:129-38.
27. Rose GL, Skinner TL, Mielke GI, Schaumberg MA. The effect of exercise intensity on chronic inflammation: a systematic review and meta‑analysis. J Sci Med Sport 2021;24:345-51.
28. Mateus K, Brunelli DT, Gáspari AF, Bonganha V, Bonfante IL, Chacon‑Mikahil M, et al. Effects of combined training on total ghrelin and tumor necrosis factor‑α in obese middle‑aged men. Motriz 2018;24:e1018143.
29. Gustafson B. Adipose tissue, inflammation and atherosclerosis. J Atheroscler Thromb 2010;17:332-41.
30. Khalafi M, Akbari A, Symonds ME, Pourvaghar MJ, Rosenkranz SK, Tabari E. Influence of different modes of exercise training on inflammatory markers in older adults with and without chronic diseases: a systematic review and meta‑analysis. Cytokine 2023;169:156303.
31. You T, Arsenis NC, Disanzo BL, LaMonte MJ. Effects of exercise training on chronic inflammation in obesity: current evidence and potential mechanisms. Sports Med 2013;43:243-56.
32. Kawai T, Autieri MV, Scalia R. Adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic dysfunction in obesity. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021;320:C375-91.
33. Cornish SM, Chilibeck PD, Candow DG. Potential importance of immune system response to exercise on aging muscle and bone. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2020;18:350-6.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 64 No 4 (2026) | |
| Section | Original Articles | |
| Keywords | ||
| Exercise training Pentraxin 3 Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) Inflammation | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Kooti M, Soori R, Shabkhiz F, Pournemati P. The Effect of 12 Weeks Endurance, Resistance and Combined Exercise Training on the Levels of Pentraxin 3 and TNF-α in Sedentary Women With Obesity. Acta Med Iran. 2026;64(4):202-209.
