Study of Genome, Vaccine and Probable Anti Viral Drugs to Save the World From the Capture of SARS-CoV-2: A Mini-Review
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Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a single-stranded RNA (+) virus and causes infectious disease by the viral strain "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2" (SARS-CoV-2). Now, COVID-19 has become pandemic, and there are neither potential vaccines nor drugs discovered. Its RNA contains genes for structural (S, E, M, N) and non-structural proteins (PLpro, 3CLpro, RdRp, Hel). Interaction between the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 and the ACE 2 receptor of the host cell plays a vital role in the entry of the virus into the cell. Favipiravir, ribavirin, remdesivir, galidesivir, lopinavir, ritonavir, chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine are the few effective drugs against SARS-CoV-2. Live attenuated virus (mutant MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV or recombination with another live attenuated virus) can act as vaccine platforms against SARS CoV-2 along with DNA vaccine and subunit vaccine.
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21. Falzarano D, de Wit E, Rasmussen AL, Feldmann F, Okumura A, Scott DP, et al. Treatment with interferon-α2b and ribavirin improves outcome in MERS-CoV–infected rhesus macaques.Nat Med 2013;19:1313-7.
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23. Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M, et al. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro.Cell Res 2020;30:269-71.
24. de Wit E, Feldmann F, Cronin J, Jordan R, Okumura A, Thomas T, et al. Prophylactic and therapeutic remdesivir (GS-5734) treatment in the rhesus macaque model of MERS-CoV infection.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2020;117:6771-6.
25. Warren T, MacLennan S, Mathis A, Giuliano E, Taylor R, Sheridan W. Efficacy of Galidesivir against Ebola virus disease in Rhesus monkeys. Open Forum Infect Dis 2017;4:S302.
26. Cao B, Wang Y, Wen D, Liu W, Wang J, Fan G, et al. A trial of lopinavir–ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1787-99.
27. Gao J, Tian Z, Yang X. Breakthrough: Chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies.Biosci Trends 2020;14:72-3.
28. Liu J, Cao R, Xu M, Wang X, Zhang H, Hu H,et al. Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.Cell Discov 2020;6:16.
29. Emau P, Tian B, O'keefe BR, Mori T, McMahon JB, Palmer KE, et al. Griffithsin, a potent HIV entry inhibitor, is an excellent candidate for anti‐HIV microbicide.J Med Primatol 2007;36:244-53.
30. Levine MM. Monoclonal Antibody Therapy for Ebola Virus Disease. N Engl J Med 2019;381:2365-66.DOI: 10.1056/NEJMe1915350
31. Fischer A, Sellner M, Neranjan S, Smieško M,Lill MA. Inhibitors for Novel Coronavirus Protease Identified by Virtual Screening of 687 Million Compounds.Int J Mol Sci 2020;21:3626.
32. Ge Y, Tian T, Huang S, Wan F, Li J, Li S, et al. A data-driven drug repositioning framework discovered a potential therapeutic agent targeting COVID-19.bioRxiv2020.
33. Zhou Y, Hou Y, Shen J, Huang Y, Martin W, Cheng F. Network-based drug repurposing for novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2. Cell Discov 2020;6:1-18.
2. Control CfD. Prevention (2003) Outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome--worldwide, 2003 MMWR Morbidity and mortality weekly report 2003:52:226. (Accessed 2022, at https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5212a1.htm.)
3. Wang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG, Gao GF. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern Lancet 2020;395:470-3.
4. Lai CC, Shih TP, Ko WC, Tang HJ, Hsueh PR. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges.Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020;55:105924.
5. Wang W, Tang J, Wei F. Updated understanding of the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019‐nCoV) in Wuhan, China.J Med Virol 2020; 92:441-7
6. Kannan S, Shaik Syed Ali P, Sheeza A, Hemalatha K. COVID-19 (Novel Coronavirus 2019)–recent trends.Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2020;24:2006-11.
7. Shereen MA, Khan S, Kazmi A, Bashir N, Siddique R. COVID-19 infection: origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses.J Adv Res 2020;24:91-8.
8. Cascella M, Rajnik M, Cuomo A, Dulebohn SC, Di Napoli R. Features, Evaluation and Treatment Coronavirus (COVID-19). In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022.
9. Zumla A, Chan JF, Azhar EI, Hui DS, Yuen KY. Coronaviruses—drug discovery and therapeutic options.Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016;15:327-47.
10. Ren LL, Wang YM, Wu ZQ, Xiang ZC, Guo L, Xu T, et al. Identification of a novel coronavirus causing severe pneumonia in human: a descriptive study.Chin Med J (Engl) 2020;133:1015-24.
11. Zheng BJ,Guan Y, Wong KH, Zhou J, Wong KL, Young BW, et al. SARS-related virus predating SARS outbreak, Hong Kong.Emerg Infect Dis 2004;10:176-8.
12. Shi Z, Hu Z. A review of studies on animal reservoirs of the SARS coronavirus.Virus Res 2008;133:74-87.
13. Van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN, et al. Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1.N Engl J Med 2020;382:1564-7.
14. Mali SN, Pratap AP, Thorat BR. The Rise of New Coronavirus Infection-(COVID-19): A Recent Update.EJMO 2020;4:35-41.
15. Abdelmageed MI, Abdelmoneim AH, Mustafa MI, Elfadol NM, Murshed NS, Shantier SW, et al. Design of multi epitope-based peptide vaccine against E protein of human 2019-nCoV: An immunoinformatics approach.Biomed Res Int 2020;2020:2683286.
16. Ahmed SF, Quadeer AA, McKay MR. Preliminary identification of potential vaccine targets for the COVID-19 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) based on SARS-CoV immunological studies. Viruses 2020;12:254.
17. Dhama K, Sharun K, Tiwari R, Dadar M, Malik YS, Singh KP, et al. COVID-19, an emerging coronavirus infection: advances and prospects in designing and developing vaccines, immunotherapeutics, and therapeutics.Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020;16:1232-8.
18. Prompetchara E, Ketloy C, Palaga T. Immune responses in COVID-19 and potential vaccines: Lessons learned from SARS and MERS epidemic. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol2020;38:1-9.
19. Robson B. Computers and viral diseases. Preliminary bioinformatics studies on the design of a synthetic vaccine and a preventative peptidomimetic antagonist against the SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV, COVID-19) coronavirus.Comput Biol Med 2020;119:103670.
20. Furuta Y, Komeno T, Nakamura T. Favipiravir (T-705), a broad spectrum inhibitor of viral RNA polymerase.Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci 2017;93:449-63.
21. Falzarano D, de Wit E, Rasmussen AL, Feldmann F, Okumura A, Scott DP, et al. Treatment with interferon-α2b and ribavirin improves outcome in MERS-CoV–infected rhesus macaques.Nat Med 2013;19:1313-7.
22. Chen C, Zhang Y, Huang J, Yin P, Cheng Z, Wu J, et al. Favipiravir versus Arbidol for COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial.MedRxiv 2020.
23. Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M, et al. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro.Cell Res 2020;30:269-71.
24. de Wit E, Feldmann F, Cronin J, Jordan R, Okumura A, Thomas T, et al. Prophylactic and therapeutic remdesivir (GS-5734) treatment in the rhesus macaque model of MERS-CoV infection.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2020;117:6771-6.
25. Warren T, MacLennan S, Mathis A, Giuliano E, Taylor R, Sheridan W. Efficacy of Galidesivir against Ebola virus disease in Rhesus monkeys. Open Forum Infect Dis 2017;4:S302.
26. Cao B, Wang Y, Wen D, Liu W, Wang J, Fan G, et al. A trial of lopinavir–ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1787-99.
27. Gao J, Tian Z, Yang X. Breakthrough: Chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies.Biosci Trends 2020;14:72-3.
28. Liu J, Cao R, Xu M, Wang X, Zhang H, Hu H,et al. Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.Cell Discov 2020;6:16.
29. Emau P, Tian B, O'keefe BR, Mori T, McMahon JB, Palmer KE, et al. Griffithsin, a potent HIV entry inhibitor, is an excellent candidate for anti‐HIV microbicide.J Med Primatol 2007;36:244-53.
30. Levine MM. Monoclonal Antibody Therapy for Ebola Virus Disease. N Engl J Med 2019;381:2365-66.DOI: 10.1056/NEJMe1915350
31. Fischer A, Sellner M, Neranjan S, Smieško M,Lill MA. Inhibitors for Novel Coronavirus Protease Identified by Virtual Screening of 687 Million Compounds.Int J Mol Sci 2020;21:3626.
32. Ge Y, Tian T, Huang S, Wan F, Li J, Li S, et al. A data-driven drug repositioning framework discovered a potential therapeutic agent targeting COVID-19.bioRxiv2020.
33. Zhou Y, Hou Y, Shen J, Huang Y, Martin W, Cheng F. Network-based drug repurposing for novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2. Cell Discov 2020;6:1-18.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 60, No 4 (2022) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/acta.v60i4.9263 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Chloroquine Spike protein Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE 2) receptor Pandemic | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Kumar Pradhan A, Arakha M, Kumar Sahoo B, Bhattacharya D. Study of Genome, Vaccine and Probable Anti Viral Drugs to Save the World From the Capture of SARS-CoV-2: A Mini-Review. Acta Med Iran. 2022;60(4):202-209.
