This study aimed to investigate the most common Coronavirus pathogens in humans in the third millennium. In this study, all documents in English on pathogenic coronaviruses were examined from the beginning of 2002 to March 27, 2020. Articles were searched through reliable databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google scholar, Science Direct, Cochrane library, and BioRxiv using the keywords "COVID-19", "Coronavirus 2019", "SARS-CoV," and" MERS-CoV." In addition, reliable health websites, such as WHO and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), were used to obtain new figures and information on these diseases. A total of 1563 articles and documents were extracted, and after reviewing the full texts of these articles, 100 papers and documents with necessary eligibility were finally selected in the present review study. The outbreak of pathogenic viruses, especially the latest one, i.e., COVID-19, as a severe threat can affect the entire global community, in particular medical staff who are at the forefront of fighting against the virus. It can generally be concluded that coronaviruses have high pathogenesis, with very rapid person-to-person transmission. Since human knowledge is not yet complete about the new type of this virus, i.e., COVID-19, there are no definitive treatments for the virus. Thus, the best and only way to prevent affection from this virus is currently fully implementing health protocols and preventing self-infection and the virus outbreak.

Microbes have a proclivity for binding to cell surfaces and forming biofilms. The act of creating biofilms is the microbe’s social activity while they are under stress. In humans, this form of cell aggregation leads to biofilm, which often leads to an infection. Despite their ability to form adhesion to the cell surface, biofilm has also drawn attention due to its involvement in chronic disorders. Accumulation of biofilm leads to a serious health concern showing high resistance to antibiotics. In order to address this concern, there is a desperate need to find out natural bioproducts like biosurfactants which could be an alternative to synthetic compounds. In the current study, the inhibitory effect of rhamnolipid against E. coli k-12 proteins that are involved in biofilm formation was studied through various computational approaches. In the molecular docking approach, the interaction between rhamnolipid and targeted proteins has been recorded. Rhamnolipid interacts with pgaC with the total highest energy of -8.91 kcal/mol, indicating a tight ligand-protein interaction. Further, to validate the interaction, a 10-ns molecular dynamics simulation was performed for pgaC and with rhamnolipid bound complex. The stability of biosurfactant and biofilm-producing protein was investigated using the RMSD, RMSF, Rg, and SASA plots. As a comparison to only protein, a complex Binding with rhamnolipid shows a stable RMSD value with minimal RMSF and Rg values, which indicates the tight interaction between rhamnolipid and pgaC. This could be a leading novel in silico approach to studying the inhibitory effect of biosurfactants against biofilm formation proteins.

Surgical approaches to primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) have been associated with a change from invasive to non-invasive methods in the last 20 years. In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 55 patients with primary adenoma-induced HPT underwent surgery. The parathyroid gland in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism caused by parathyroid adenoma was removed by open surgery with an incision of about 2 cm in the neck in a targeted manner in a site localized by ultrasound or Sestamibi scan. The patients' personal information, including age, sex, length of hospital stay, serum calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, success rate, and problems and unwanted adverse consequences of surgery (e.g. infection and bleeding) were recorded for each patient and collected information was analyzed in SPSS software. Most patients were women (80%) and individuals in the age range of 41-60 years (47.3%). The hospital stay length ranged from 2 to 5 days with an average of 3.25±0.9 days. Success was considered as a decrease in PTH and calcium levels during the first 24 h after the intervention, and success rates of 100, 98.2, and 69.1%, respectively, were evaluated for a reduction of at least 50% in PTH levels and less than 40 ng/ml of PTH levels. No major complications were reported in the studied patients. Wilcoxon test revealed significant decreases in patients' postoperative serum calcium and PTH levels (P=0.000). Mini-incision Parathyroidectomy with limited incision was associated with significant reductions in serum calcium and PTD without complications.

Today, osteoporosis is a major healthcare system problem globally. Each year, osteoporosis leads to more than 8.9 million fractures. In practice, osteoporosis can be diagnosed following a low-energy trauma fragility fracture of a bone or by a bone mineral density measurement using dual X-ray absorptiometry showing a T-score of ≤-2.5. This is a retrospective study that reviewed all subjects with osteoporosis or osteopenia indication, which were referred by practitioners for diagnostic densitometric evaluation to Alzahra hospital in Isfahan, Iran. from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2019. Bone mineral density (BMD) reports were reviewed to identify all cases of osteoporosis or osteopenia. Our data analysis according to the World Health Organization (WHO) diagnostic classification showed that simultaneously measured T-scores at the spine and hip are concordant in 49.60% of patients and discordant by at least one diagnostic class in 49.95%. There was no significant discordance prevalence when one site was osteoporotic, and another site was normal (The prevalence was only 4.74%). Major T-score discordance was directly correlated to age (r=0.908, P=0.005), but there was no statistical relationship between minor T-score discordance and age (P=0.07). Clinicians should expect that at least half of patients tested by DXA will demonstrate T-score discordance between spine and total hip measurement sites. However, discordance is a real finding, and clinicians should be familiar with this issue and adopt specific strategies for these patients to investigate the cause or causes of the discordance.

According to the cancer stem cell (CSC) theory, a subpopulation of cells demonstrating stem-like cell properties is responsible for tumorigenicity, self-renewal capacity, therapy resistance, and recurrence. Due to CSCs’ resistance, it’s demanded to develop drugs having appropriate efficacy. Despite cisplatin is a potent antitumor agent widely used in the treatment of different cancers, its severe side effects and resistance remain a challenge in the clinic. Research has shown that platinum (IV) has considerably fewer side effects and drug resistance. In this study, toxicity and effectiveness of [Pt(dpyam)Cl₄] where dpyam is 2,2'-dipyridylamine, as a platinum (IV) agent, has been investigated to find a reliable alternative for cisplatin. To this aim, cancer stem-like cells (CS-LCs) with CD44⁺/CD133⁺ phenotype were isolated from HT1080 cells. EJ138, HT1080, and its CS-LCs were selected to compare the effectiveness of Pt (IV) complex versus cisplatin. MTT, apoptosis, and cell cycle analysis were carried out to evaluate drug toxicity. Sphere and colony formation assays confirmed the potentiality of Pt (IV) complex and cisplatin to target stemness characteristics in CS-LCs. Although toxicity results were in favor of cisplatin, the anti-cancer activity of the synthesized Pt (IV) complex was also considerable. Regarding other studies that proposed high selective toxicity of Pt (IV), they could be a volunteer for additional improvements.

Inosine 5-monophosphate dehydrogenase 1 (IMPDH1) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the de novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis. IMPDH1 catalyzes IMP-oxidation to XMP, which in continue is converted to guanine nucleotides. Like mammals, the mouse IMPDH1 (mH1) has retinal-specific isoforms named H1 (546) and H1 (603). Mutations in the IMPDH1 gene are believed to cause retinal degenerative disease, retinitis pigmentosa, mediated by retinal-specific gene variants. After RNA extraction from the mouse retina, RT-PCR was done using NdeI and XhoI harboring primers. Tree mH1 isoform genes were amplified and cloned into a pET26b+ vector separately. The recombinant expression vectors were then transformed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) strain, expressed under IPTG-induced conditions and purified with Ni-NTA agarose resin. Activity assay of recombinant proteins was done by using spectrophotometric methods. Here, we cloned and optimized the expression and the purification of recombinant mH1 canonical and retinal isoforms in E. coli to gain soluble and highly active protein for further functional assays. Recombinant protein production in prokaryotic hosts, especially E. coli, is the most common method in large-scale of protein production for functional and structural studies. However, maximal yield and activity of recombinant proteins require optimal conditions for expression and purification, which is what we showed in the present study for the mouse IMPDH1 recombinant isoforms.

The most common childhood vasculitis is Henoch Schoenlein Purpura (HSP). It occurs at any age peaking at around 4-6 years. The classic manifestations of HSP are skin rash, along with any from a triad of other organ system involvement, including gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and renal systems. Renal involvement is much more common in children than in adults. 255 HSP patients attending our tertiary referral hospital enrolled in this 10-year retrospective study from 2009 to 2019. According to our study, HSP was more common in males. Most of the patients were between 1-16 years (mean 7.04 years) old. Of these patients, only 19.22% had proteinuria, 17.25% had increased creatinine, 61.7% of patients had hematuria, 67.06 had a fever, and 69.8% had abdominal pain. 24.31% of them had bloody diarrhea. Skin and joint involvement were recorded in 44.7% and 74.9% of patients, respectively. Children affected by HSP may present with different clinical manifestations. We assessed these clinical presentations and outcomes of patients and compared them with renal pathology findings to reveal any prognostic significance of renal pathologic findings in HSP patients.

To evaluate the effect of dry eye disease (DED) on the central corneal thickness and anterior corneal surface irregularity parameters using Scheimpflug tomography. In this study, the central corneal thickness and topometric indices of the anterior corneal surface were compared between the right eyes of 43 subjects with dry eye (DE group) and the right eyes of 35 non-dry eye individuals (NDE group). The central corneal thickness (CCT) and the topometric indices of the anterior corneal surface, including IVA, IHA, ISV, and IHD, were measured using the Pentacam HR (Pentacam-HR, Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany). Dry eye was diagnosed using a symptom questionnaire, TBUT, and Schirmer’s test without anesthesia. The mean ISV, IVA, IHA, and IHD were 17.02 3.43, 0.114 0.04, 5.82 4.82, and 0.011 0.01 in the DE group and 14.65 3.10, 0.086 .03, 3.70 3.23, and 0.007 0.00 in the NDE group, respectively. All of the above corneal irregularity indices were significantly higher in the DE group (P<0.05). The mean CCT was 531.19 µ (±34.88 µ) and 540.66 µ (±27.13 µ) in the DE and NDE group, respectively. Based on linear regression analysis, ISV, IVA, IHA, and IHD had a significant association with DED (P<0.05), while CCT had no significant association with DED (P=0.148). DED significantly increases corneal surface irregularity, but it has no significant effects on CCT measured by the Pentacam.

Malignant skin ulcerations may mimic diabetic foot ulcers leading to misdiagnosis. In this case report, we discuss an uncommon but severe problem of malignant tumors initially misdiagnosed as diabetic foot ulcers, underlying the need to improve medical awareness, diagnostics, and approaches for therapy once the correct diagnosis is made. We describe the case of an 82-year-old male with diabetes mellitus and melanoma metastases initially misdiagnosed as diabetic foot ulcers. In diabetic patients, several skin disorders may coexist on the same foot, including actual diabetic foot ulcers and skin cancers. Among multiple skin disorders that coexist on the foot of a diabetic patient, the skin metastases may be misdiagnosed as diabetic foot ulcers. Significant efforts should be made to create new non-invasive, rapid diagnostic techniques to eliminate misdiagnoses of skin disorders in diabetic patients.

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